Poverty and Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Destitution and Discrimination - Research Paper Example Destitution isn't an ailment, rather a condition which can be survived if legitimate advances are taken by the arrangement producers of a nation. Besides, it’s not just even up to the arrangement producers alone to estrange neediness, it needs the commitment from individuals of all strolls of society including technocrats, rich and the poor the same. Individuals frequently contend that destitution isn’t actually an issue all things considered and that the poor will be poor as they don’t do a lot of exertion to escape the horrendous chain of neediness. Simply referencing a couple of statistical data points at this stage would give a thought of how far reaching this disease really is. As indicated by an examination completed by an organization of the United Nations, around 3,000,000 individuals (or practically a large portion of the number of inhabitants in the whole world) flourish with under $2.50 per day. As indicated by one more examination, if the abundance of seven of the world’s most extravagant men is joined, it would be a lot more prominent than the general total national output or GDP or 41 of the world’s generally obliged and poor nations. Just to give an unpleasant gauge, the number of inhabitants in these 41 nations joined stands at around 500 and sixty 7,000,000 individuals (National Bureau of Economic Research and National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000). One more exploration proceeds to state that there are just about a billion people in the current century who are so poor and uneducated, that they’re even incapable to cast their marks or read a book. Destitution is one of the most major financial issues of the current occasions since it includes such a significant number of individuals. An answer should be found not exclusively to deal with this issue for the time being, however to in the end distance it in the more extended term. Tending to the issue of neediness would mean much more individuals would pick up work, they would have the option to carry on with a solid way of life, have the option to fund their own everyday costs, have the option to accomplish their fundamental necessities lastly be

Irony and Social Commentary in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane Auste

Incongruity and social critique in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† Like some other society, nineteenth-century England had a lot of egotistic idiots and groveling bloodsuckers, hot-blooded sweethearts and glib, tattling ladies. While barely any individuals show these failings with surrender, hardly any departure their pollute through and through. In the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† the creator Jane Austen mocks these examples of †not social evils†rather, undesirable social quirks, by means of a most cautious utilization of incongruity in the discoursed and considerations of a portion of her most superb characters. The fundamental character enjoying this valuable item is Mr. Bennet, whom Austen considers significant enough that a well honed mind frames a important piece of his character. The incongruity is mainly shown in two different ways: a general climate that outcomes from a successive utilization of ironical language (with respect to occurrence, the perpetual utilization of direct opposite in the discussions) and brief however thought assaults by Mr. Bennet against all types of absurdity †innocuous or something else. All the equation based peculiarities influenced by the individuals in his general public just as the social commitments that make them become the objective of Mr. Bennet’s analysis. In any case, obviously Mr. Bennet is a lot of a piece of the general public that he so promptly scorns. That he continues ridiculing it is the thing that makes his ripostes so overflowing with ambiguity. The epic contains a huge cluster of discussions between various characters; these discussions are, with regards to the style that won in that period, very detailed, for sure here and there to the point of repetitiveness. Austen depicts a demeanor of unflagging weariness in Mr. Bennet when stood up to with such talks, through his perpetual amusing asides. T... ...eaning in these apparently harmless words, for the previous suggests prostitution and the last †an offensive pregnancy with an illegitimate youngster. Given the venomous character of such decently ordinary tattle †even among the probably ‘respectable’ country white collar class †’tis no wonder that Austen rallies against such a destructive type of paltriness. Austen along these lines utilizes the troublesome instrument of incongruity to incredible impact in depicting the absurdity †both destructive and innocuous †which besets a great many people. In doing as such, she viably conveys social critique probably to address these imperfections in character of her individual Englishmen. En route, the peruser is brilliantly engaged by the fools possessing â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† just as the characters that continue criticizing it, in a way that is on occasion more absurd than humorous. 6

Blog Archive Mission Admission Backup Goals Really

Blog Archive Mission Admission Backup Goals Really Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. For many years, one of the ineluctable truths of applying to business school has been “MBA candidates must present very well-defined goals to the admissions committees.” Well, change seems to be in the air. Harvard Business School, for one, does not  require applicants to discuss goals, but asks instead about a broader “career vision,” and this vision need not be addressed in the candidates essays, because the two required essay questions ask about past experiences. Now, no fewer than six top admissions officers, with whom mbaMission has spoken directly, have shown an openness to candidates discussing primary and secondary short-term goals, especially if the candidate is proposing to enter a field that is not hiring because of a poor job market, or if the candidate is a career changer who may have trouble making the switch. So, if you are planning to write about making the leap into investment banking during a significant downturn, for example, you might want to also offer a reasonable backup plan that will provide the same or even different but nonetheless applicable skills that will still lead you to your long-term goals. During tough economic times, the schools want to know that you are employable, and part of your message might be that you are flexible and have truly considered your options if your Plan A does not work out. Yesterday’s heresy is today’s reality. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

Can You Fool a Breathalyzer Test by Sucking on a Penny

Have you heard that sucking on a copper penny will cause a chemical reaction that will fool the breathalyzer  causing it to register negative blood alcohol? If youve had too much to drink and are pulled over by police, dont try it--this claim is false! Variants on the Myth Some say the trick will cause the breathalyzer to show an absurdly high level of blood alcohol, allowing a defendant to make a case for test malfunction. Others report the because this trick has been successful.   The U.S. Mint changed the composition of pennies from pure copper to mostly zinc. Variations on the Copper Penny Gambit Sucking on a nickelSucking on mints or cough drops: Breath fresheners such as mints, gum or sprays can cover the odor of your breath, but they cannot change the amount of alcohol present that will register on a breathalyzer. In fact, mouthwash can contain alcohol and thus can elevate blood alcohol content readings.)Eating garlic or onionEating peanuts: This is the closest option that could work...if you could wash your lungs with peanut butter! The high levels of sodium in  peanut butter will neutralize ethanol in alcohol by creating two byproducts - sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. But, the problem is that ingested peanut butter goes to your stomach and not the lungs, which is where the air thats full of alcohol is going to be expelled.Eating curry powder.  Taking a very deep breath, hyperventilating or holding your breath before you blow: An old study from decades ago found that hyperventilation and vigorous exercise did lower participants BAC readings by as much as 10 percent . On the flip side, holding their breath actually increased BAC readings by up to 20 percent. Keep in mind that these methods can also make you lightheaded and gasping for air – odd behavior that will likely call the attention of a police officer who already thinks youre under the influence. Also, note that only blowing lightly   into a breathalyzer doesnt work either as it gives an accurate reading with small breath samples.)Chewing vitamin C tablets Analysis of the Copper Penny Myth Even if the slight amount of copper  in a U.S. penny caused a chemical reaction with the alcohol in a drunk persons saliva (a claim with no scientific basis), it wouldnt likely fool a breathalyzer which measures blood alcohol content by sampling air blown from deep within your lungs. Besides that fact, standard procedure for the test includes a 15- to 20-minute delay before taking a sample so the subject can be observed, and to ensure that any recently imbibed substance has been fully absorbed into the bloodstream. The Discovery Channels Mythbusters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman tested various methods alleged to beat standard breathalyzer analysis in an episode originally aired in November 2003. None of the methods worked. Interestingly, this claim never reports personal experience, but rather is stated as a rumor: I heard that if you do this, you can beat the breathalyzer test. Resources: How a Breathalyzer WorksCraig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D., HowStuffWorks.com Is It Possible to Beat a Breathalyzer by Sucking on a Penny?Seattle 911 - A Police Blog (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February  16, 2009

ESL If I Was vs. If I Were

The Crucible and Mrs Putnam - 1045 Words

In the opening of the play how does Miller seek to create an atmosphere of hysteria and tension? Do you find the opening effective? The Crucible is a play by Arthur Miller written in the 1950’s. It was set in the 1690’s in Massachusetts. The play is about the witch trials and how something like a group of girls in the woods could lead to about 200 people being hanged and accused of witchcraft. The people of Salem were new to Massachusetts as they were puritans who went off to America to set up a new religious colony . The people were new to their surroundings had the Native Americans as enemies because they took their land. Although the Crucible is about the witch trials, it is thought to be a metaphor for the McCarthy Communist trials†¦show more content†¦That was a quote from Mrs Putnam. I think the fact that she has lost 7 babies makes her think it is work of the devil trying to punish the â€Å"good†. Once everyone believed it was the work of the devil, they blamed Tituba who is only low class person in the household and her being a black slave makes it easy for everyone to blame her because as she doesn’t have any power or authority she won’t react and her coming from a completely different culture to than the people in Salem makes the believe that she is affected by the witch and devil. Miller sets the whole of Act 1 in one room this conveys hysteria because they are all in one room and everyone is shouting each other. Also it will be quiet dark and crowded as the windows are all narrow so only little light comes through. I also think it is a metaphor for the narrow minded nature of the people in Salem. The fact that only a little comes through conveys that they have little knowledge of the outside world. The language used is very different and address woman as Goody and men as Mister. This contributes to the difference in society and the time. In conclusion, I think is very effective because it grabbed my attention because of the tension and hysteria used as it made me eager to know what was happening. Miller uses language and setting effectively convey the tensionShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction Of Salem By Arthur Miller1558 Words   |  7 PagesArmania Heckenmueller Mrs. Hagerty H English II 2EF 11/23/15 The Destruction of Salem Through Greed and Vengeance in The Crucible During the time The Crucible was set, the community of Salem was awry. It did not have the solid characteristics of what a healthy town should look like. Instead there was no trust between people, everyone was watching out for only themselves, and most of the townspeople were turning their backs on the disastrous deeds of the court. The people of Salem feel like they haveRead MoreThe Art Of Deception : The Origin Of And Escape From The Spread Of Falsehoods Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesinstances of widespread panic can disrupt social and political order. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller reveals that self-centered ambition underlies the spread of false ideas, which can fuel societal paranoia. However, Miller argues that individuals can escape this hysteria and preserve their dignity if they choose to sacrifice their personal needs by denying false allegations. First, Abigail’s rivalry with Elizabeth Proctor and Mrs. Putnam’s grief over infants’ deaths demonstrate that people accuse othersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the english dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible Critical Lens Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesDavis 1 Ashley Davis Mrs. Taylor CP English III, Period 7 22 November 2014 The Crucible Critical Lens Essay As Vladimir Lenin once stated, â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes truth.† This quote indicates that if you constantly repeat a lie, eventually people will come to believe it. I definitely agree with Lenin. A lie won’t stay a secret forever. Lenin’s quote remains true and evident in Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible. There are many characters Miller uses to prove this quote true throughRead MoreThe Dramatic Effect of the First Act in Arthur Millers The Crucible1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dramatic Effect of the First Act in Arthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible is set in Salem in 1692. It is about a group of girls who are accused of witchcraft by the people of Salem, and they are put on trial for it. The story is centred on a man named John Proctor who is a farmer in the town, and it is about his affairs, his everyday ones and his sexual ones. There are many themes in The Crucible, deceit, religion, fear, guilt and the evading of peoples privacyRead MoreThe Crucible And Breaker Morant Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesThe tales of Arthur Millers The Crucible and Bruce Beresfords Breaker Morant while appearing vastly different at a glance; share many common themes. These include scapegoats, trials and revenge. In The Crucible the antagonist, Abigail, is depicted as a spiteful and vengeful character that will stop at no end to gain the satisfaction of revenge through destructive means. Good Putnam is portrayed as a revenge driven character from The Crucible. In the movie of Breaker Morant, the protagonistRead MoreEssay On Personal Rivalries In The Crucible924 Words   |  4 Pagesrunning rampant. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the residents of Salem are allowing their grudges and personal rivalries to distract themselves from the truth. The witch trials are escalating, more and more people are being accused, and the tensions are high. The Putnams have different motivations and grudges that are driving the accusations. Ann Putnam is using the trials to harm the women she deems responsible for the deaths of her seven children. In contrast, Thomas Putnam is driven by his greedRead MoreThe Crucible-Thomas Putnam Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Putnam plays a major role in the Salem witch hunt in Arthur Miller#8217;s The Crucible. Inheriting a handsome amount of property makes Putnam a wealthy person; however, it doesn#8217;t seem to satisfy his ambition. After the town terribly rejected Putnam#8217;s brother-in-law, Bayley, Putnam#8217;s bitterness has increased. Finally his prodigious involvement in the relentless accusations places him in the center of the spot light, making him a salient character in both the play and theRead MoreMillers Presentation of the Theme Of Greed And Envy within The Crucible1071 Words   |  5 PagesMillers Presentation of the Theme Of Greed And Envy within The Crucible The Crucible was written in 1953 by Arthur Miller in the time of the cold war, although the play was set in 1692. The play is about a town called Salem in America and about the witch-hunts that took place there. Because it was written in this time period there is a feeling of mistrust, greed and envy echoed in the play. Arthur Miller plays on these feelings and produces a theme of greed and envy that

Negative Publicity Effect Business Founder -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Negative Publicity Effect Business Founder? Answer: Introduction Communication can be considered one of the most basic and fundamental factors or variables that affect the environment drastically. It has to be understood in this context that communication can be of two broad types, verbal and nonverbal. Although the verbal communication holds the most importance in conversational settings, nonverbal communication also plays a profound role in exposing how the particular person feels and in turn forms the foundation of the comfort level of any conversational settings. It has to be understood that the in case of corporate settings the importance of nonverbal communication is even more heightened. We must consider fact that the in the present day multicultural professional settings, a vast financial of different individuals have to work in a collaborative interdependent manner. Hence, having am effective nonverbal communication is going to be very beneficial for the corporate professional to build on their soft skills better (Aqueveque and Encina 201 0). Now, nonverbal communication has five key elements of aspects and an individual will have to focus on all the five elements in order to be able to develop their nonverbal communication skills. The very first aspect of non-verbal communication is the body language that the individual, there are different aspects of body language, such as eye contact, facial expression and posture. It is very important to maintain eye contact when one is conversing with others; it showcases interest and commitment in the conversation which in turn enhances the comfort level and energy of the entire conversational setting (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). For instance, while giving a presentation, maintaining eye contact can be very effective to hold the attention and engagement of the audience. The next element is the personal appearance, which bears immense impact on the nonverbal communicational aspect. It has to be understood that in corporate setting, a speaker often represents the company and it is crucial for the individual to be well dressed and coiffed. In this case, posture plays a crucial role in improving the dynamics of the communication. For instance, a rigid and formal posture often gives away a sense of sincerity and confidence in corporate dealings. Touch can be considered as the second most important element of nonverbal communication and this mode of communication is known as haptic communication. For example, a customary hand shake or a pat on the back can be warm gestures that can lift up the mood of an otherwise formal conversation effectively (Knapp, Hall and Horgan 2013). The fourth element that the corporate professionals need to focus on is the right and subsequent usage of time and space. There is a right time for every conversation, which is a basic conversational etiquette we have all learned, however along with time, paying acute attention to the proximity of the individuals we are communicating with is also a very crucial contributing factor. It has to be understood that in case of a corporate setting, there are people from a varied range of cultural backgrounds working together and each of the cultures have various traditional values and customs; and proximity can be considered insulting or intimidating in ethnic cultures. Hence, in both professional and personal setting the proper use time and space has to be maintained effectively (Lemonnier 2012). For instance, in a meeting with personnel belonging to a Confucian society, maintaining distance and punctuality will be imperative. The very last crucial element of non- verbal communication is the optimal use of vocal characteristics, now the term vocal characteristics takes into consideration the tone of voice, pitch, volume, intonation, and tonal quality. In both professional and personal setting, the vocal characteristics play a crucial role in defining the nature of the communication, whether it is compassionate or assertive. It has to be understood that these vocal characteristics will vary depending upon the kind of conversation required, whether it is a public speaking in a seminar or presentation or is a one to one conversation. In case of a scenario involving conflict resolution, maintaining firm, assertive yet compassionate vocal characteristics is important, so that a point of solution is reached and the parties involved in conflict are not offended either. Hence, these are a few elements that play a profound role in designing and developing the non verbal communication and help in progressive career growth (Sauter et al. 2010). References: Aqueveque, Claudio, and Catherine Encina. "Corporate behavior, social cynicism, and their effect on individuals perceptions of the company."Journal of Business Ethics91, no. 2 (2010): 311-324. Burgoon, Judee K., Laura K. Guerrero, and Kory Floyd.Nonverbal communication. Routledge, 2016. Knapp, Mark L., Judith A. Hall, and Terrence G. Horgan.Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning, 2013. Leathers, Dale G., and Michael Eaves.Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge, 2015. Lemonnier, Pierre.Mundane objects: Materiality and non-verbal communication. Vol. 10. Left Coast Press, 2012. Sauter, Disa A., Frank Eisner, Paul Ekman, and Sophie K. Scott. "Cross-cultural recognition of basic economics through nonverbal emotional vocalizations."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences107, no. 6 (2010): 2408-2412. Siegman, Aaron W., and Stanley Feldstein, eds.Nonverbal behavior and communication. Psychology Press, 2014. Zhu, Dong-Hong, and Ya-Ping Chang. "Negative publicity effect of the business founders unethical behavior on corporate image: Evidence from China."Journal of business ethics117, no. 1 (2013): 111-121.

the metamorphosis Essays (852 words) - Absurdist Fiction

Theme of Change in being Alienated Society can often be a harsh and terrible place to live in. Some desire separation from society to a certain level, while for others, alienation in any form is their greatest fear. In Franz Kafka?s The Metamorphosis, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, experiences several levels of alienation, which are pre-metamorphosis, physical, and psychological. Gregor?s pre-metamorphosis alienation is a result of his feelings toward his surroundings. As given in the information provided by the text, the reader relates to Gregor?s life as being lonely, boring, and unrealistic. His mother mentions that ?he never goes out at nights; he?s been in the town for a week now, but stayed home every evening (Kafka10). This indicates that Gregor is very antisocial and most likely does not have friends to spend time with. However, a picture of a woman from a magazine that Gregor framed and hung on his wall may express his desire to have a social life and perhaps love a woman. He also dislikes but is committed to his job, which he needs to support his mother, father, and sister. He states, ? If I didn?t have my parents to think about I?d have given my notice a long time ago, I?d have gone up to the boss and told him just how I feel (Kafka 3). Gregor was not happy with his life and false expectations from the people who he was surrounded by, which grew i nside of him till the time his family have reached their limits and finally destroyed him. Occurring in the beginning of the text, Gregor is transformed into an insect, which physically alienates him from society. This type of alienation is probably the most obvious throughout the book which mainly takes place in Gregor?s bedroom, where it is difficult for him to open the doors, let alone get out of bed. He is separated from his family and the chief clerk by the walls in the rooms. Gregor?s new change has given him several tiny legs, making it difficult for him to get around, which was evident when his father began chasing him around the house. Gregor had to admit that he would not be able to keep up with this running for long, for whenever his father took one step. Gregor had to make countless movements. Perhaps even more restrictive than his limited mobility, Gregor physically could not communicate with others. He was also psychologically alienated as a result of his lack of communication. Though he has become an insect, he is still experiencing human emotions. For example, ?whenever the conversation turned to the importance of earning money, Gregor would let go of the door and throw his self down on the leather sofa which stood beside it, for he felt shame and grief.? He feels these emotions because he has lost the role as the sole provider of the family, however, his inability to do anything for others isolates him. Another example is when his sister, Grete, wants to move furniture out of his room with the presumably good intention of giving him more space. Though he would indeed have been more comfortable and had more space, he did not want his furniture moved out, probably because he didn?t want to completely separate himself from his previous human existence. Gregor also f elt alienated when no one would visit him in his room. Even when Grete came to into his room she thought that he had flown away, but she soon realized he did not. She slammed the door but later regretted that she had done that to her brother. She didn?t even want to hold the milk container with her hands; she used a cloth (Kafka 27-28). In a way, Gregor Samsa was alienated from society before his change even took place. I think most people have been in a situation in which they want to be exiled from society, whether that feelings is from embarrassment, depression, fear or other emotions. The difference in Gregor?s case is that he was removed from society on extreme levels. Rather than simply disappearing from people for a period of time, he was isolated from them while also coexisting. His complete alienation was primarily a

Cable Modem Access essays

Cable Modem Access essays The Internet has been around for over 40 years and despite technological advances in speed, people still complain that its too slow. How can people get their favorite songs or visit their favorite sites before dinner is over? This paper will discuss one option, cable internet access. Until now internet the public had to access the WWW through slow phone lines, connecting anywhere from 300 bps in the infancy of public access to 56k. But now there are several high-speed alternatives to the old phone line, one being the cable modem. Using your cable TV provider as your ISP, people can access the Internet at speeds up to 27 Mbps, but limitations with hardware limit this to about 2Mbps (www.TechTarget.com). This speed is fine for most users. It is also always on. Meaning you do not have to dial-up to your ISP. It is similar to a LAN connection. This hasnt been done before mainly because when cable TV companies were being formed, the networks were only being set up to send data and not to receive it. The remedy for this was to upgrade the networks not only to be able to receive information, but to handle the larger amount of bandwidth (www.Vicomsoft.com). The way cable internet access is possible is my using a standard cable TV coax line as the medium and a cable modem to connect the computer to the Internet. The cable TV provider has a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) that then goes through the coax line to the home. The coax line is then connected to a splitter, with one line going to the television or set-top box, and the other to the cable modem (www.Techtarget.com). The cable modem then is connected to a PC via a Cat 3 or 5 cable to a network card. Some modems can also be connected via the USB or FireWire port. The type of modem a person needs depends on the standard the provider is using. One may be using the Multimedia Cable Network Systems (MCNS)/ Data over Cable Systems Interface S ...

Political Geography Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Geography - Term Paper Example Landlocked states have historically existed after the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They were created after empires had been defeated and their territories had to be carved. The collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 led to the division of the country into a number of republics (Glassner, 2003). Several of these republics do not have access to coastal ports which forces to remain under the clout and influence of Russia. A number of Eastern European States do not have access to the seaports but this has been mitigated by their joining of the European Union. This allows them to have access to seaports and trade with some of the largest economies of the world. The independence of several African states led to many of them not having access to the seaports. Many of these countries have experienced political, economic, and social problems because they have been destabilized by their powerful neighbors. Landlocked states are categorized according to their geographical location. Asia has a number of countries which are landlocked. The number of landlocked states in Asia is few in number as compared with Europe and Africa. The Central Asian republics which obtained independence from the USSR in 1991 are dependent upon Russia for their exports and imports. Afghanistan does not have any sea outlet which forces it to depend upon Iran and Pakistan for trade (Glassner, 2003). Other countries include Nepal and Laos which are dependent upon their more powerful neighbors for trade and commerce. A number of Eastern European states which became independent after the revolutions of 1989 are encircled by terrain. Previously these nations were dependent upon the USSR for their exports and imports. The USSR used this as a leverage to dominate and influence its satellite states that did not have access to the coastal areas. Africa has the largest number of landlocked states in its various regions

Problem-solution essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Problem-solution - Essay Example Increased consumption of food and reduced physical activity provides for an imbalance of energy and hence an individual becomes obese (Verdiun et al 2595). Obesity is a matter of concern due to the rise in the number of Americans suffering from this issue and this problem can be solved with the coordination and cooperation of the government, the health care authorities, the food industry and the media by creating awareness and education amongst the masses. The BMI is used as a predictor of the normal weight of an individual and people with a BMI ranging from 25 to 29.9 are labeled as overweight whereas those with a BMI of above 30 are marked to be obese. There has been an increase of 34 percent in the obese individuals since the year 1960 in the United States (Begley). According to statistics of the year 2009, greater than 65 percent of the residents of the United States had weight above the normal limits. Furthermore, in the last three decades, the number of children who are overwei ght has increased almost thrice. This increase amongst children as well as adults has raised the morbidity and mortality associated with the medical issues that arise owing to obesity. The young children do not have a good quality of life and have a susceptibility of becoming obese when they become adults. The adults are at greater risks of developing pathological conditions that are associated with obesity. Obese individuals have a greater susceptibility than the normal individuals to develop diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular conditions as well as hypertension. The probability of a few carcinomas is also increased with obesity. The mortality that has been linked with obesity and its associated pathologies is approximately 400,000 on an annual basis in the United States. Thus, there has been an increase in the number of people suffering from obesity and this has led to a subsequent rise in the pathologies associated with it (Huber; Verduin et al 259). Obesity not only affects the in dividual on a personal level but its effects on the economy of the United States have also been revealed. It has been assessed that obesity has been linked with alarming increases in the healthcare costs incurred upon the government. A burden of 190 billion dollars on the annual national healthcare cost has resulted owing to obesity. This cost is greater than the spending of the government on smoking which is also an important public health issue. The health care costs of obese males are 1,152 dollars greater than the normal weight men and the costs of obese females are 3,613 dollars greater than the non-obese females on an annual basis. The healthcare costs of an obese individual are more than six times greater in comparison to a person having normal weight. Healthcare researchers have also cited the fact that in comparison to smokers, obese people pose a greater burden on the healthcare spending even in the long run. This is because most of them live up to the normal age of life e xpectancy unlike the smokers and hence the spending on their nursing homes and old age issues is also increased (Begley; Ungar). Costs other than the healthcare expenditures have also increased owing to obesity. These include the increase in the costs of fuel. Owing to increased weight, greater energy is required by the vehicles and this accounts for greater fuel used. An additional cost of 4 billion annually has been accounted due to this. There has been increased spending on

Polymer Suspension Based Shear Thickening Fluid Fabric

Polymer Suspension Based Shear Thickening Fluid Fabric Polymer suspension based shear thickening fluid-fabric for protective applications was a new idea. Shear thickening fluid was also known as STF. Generally STF contains liquid medium and solid particles which can be inorganic or organic based. Basically, the viscosity of the Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) will be increased when shear stress increasing. By exploiting this fluid deformation from STF, for the fabric itself, the friction between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber will be increased drastically when force applied over the fabric composite. Then, the fabric itself will be having higher energy absorption when STF impregnated with the fabric itself compared with un-impregnated fabric composite. The reason for this selection was motivated by previous works in this area, as well as the beneficial characteristics provided by these two materials. US Patents 5599290 and 5545128 have developed Bone fracture prevention garment and method. In these two works, carried out by the same authors, the patent outlines a design used to resolve the issue of the harmful effects of impacts on the bones of elderly individuals. This design was described as being composed of the following: the component includes a dilatant material that was relatively stiff near the time of impact and relatively fluid at other times. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a hip pad, possessing a thickness small enough to be compatible with wearer acceptability, that conforms to the shape of the body during everyday activities such as walking, sitting, and sleeping, and was thus comfortable to the wearer (5-14). In order to model the rheological behavior of these fluids, it has been proposed to use a power law analysis with the relationship between the viscosity and shear rate represented by ÃŽÂ · = k à ½n-1 Where k is the fluids consistency and n is the power law exponent specific to the region of high or low viscosity. According to Barnes, the shear-thinning and shear-thickening regions can be accounted for by, using the sum of two power laws, with one value of n less than unity and one greater. (8) The rheology studied will be focused on colloidal suspension rather than hard particle suspension. Hard particle suspension like silica particle, was extensively studied by many researched over the world like Wagner and Lee Barnes (5 8) .They claimed, the hard particle suspended in the polyethylene glycol (carrier fluid) will exhibit shear thickening behavior by varying the volume fraction of the particle over carrier fluid from, above 40% to 55%. 30% by volume fraction will not exhibit shear thickening behavior but in Ragvahan experiments showed (10), by using 10% volume fraction of fumed silica suspended in the Polypropylene glycol (PPG), shear thickening behavior had occurred but likely referred to particle agglomeration( flocculated gel) rather than hydrocluster because fumed silica, naturally have low surface area and larger particle size. In the experiment, the onset transition called critical shear rate seems having two points, the higher and the lower shear strain, due to th e original structure of the carrier fluid itself (polypropylene glycol). The formation of vinyl group and straight chain in PPG gave two formations of clusters (10). Colloidal suspension study was not emphasized and thoroughly studied because of the complexity of the colloidal system itself, which normally involved many factors such as steric and electrostatic stabilize, stability of the suspension and the formation of the hydrocluster via modification of the interaction particle of the colloidal suspension. In chapter 2, theoretical discussion about colloidal suspension which contributed to the new phenomenon of Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) such as structure-relationship of the colloidal suspension in polymer solution and Solid/Liquid transition (SLT) and also liquid/Solid transition (LST) [17]. According to the DVLO theory, stabilization of particle in the suspension with steric and electrostatic (will be have detailed explanation in the chapter 2) charges are important parameters to be investigated. The colloid particles were also known as surface charge particle. It involved the attraction and repulsive force for every single particle in the colloid dispersion or suspension, which contributed to the shear thickening behavior of the STF. In this paper, colloidal suspension rheology will be main topics, by relating it with the structure-relationship and LST theory. In the chapter 2, more detailed onset transition of STF will be extensively discussed. Conventionally, the onset transition involved Order-Disorder transition (ODT) and hydrocluster. The main criteria in Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) were to predict critical shear rate which was the critical point when the particles were suspended in the STF. It started to cluster with each other, exhibiting shear thickening behavior upon increase in shear rate. There were many factors in STF, some of them were, volume fraction dependence (between particle and carrier fluid), particle shape and size dependence (porosity) and particle interaction dependence. The particles can be normal charge (hard particle such as fumed silica, clay and any metal oxide particle) or colloidal particle (with charge). In this paper, fumed silica will be used as a main material for hard particle as well as and colloid dispersion. Fumed silica will be turned into colloidal suspension by surrounding the charging over its surface particle. The main principal of colloidal suspension for this study was based on DVLO theory. Therefore, by studying the electrokinetic for each suspension, relation between this study with measured rheology through the power law index and yield stress value, there are possibilities to relate the structure- relationship in colloidal suspension of STF with onset transition (SLT LST) evaluated. There were two basic requirements for exhibiting shear thickening behavior from colloidal suspension [raghavan, wagner, barnes], firstly, the volume fraction of the solid in the suspension must be very high and secondly, suspension must be nonflocculated or deflocculated STF Fabric composite will be impregnated with STF has great potential in bullet proof application especially for soft armor. The vest will be having higher flexibility and less heavy than conventional soft armor. Wagner and his team claimed, STF will increase the friction between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber by 500% using pull out yarn test. Also, by using NIJ as reference stabbed and puncture resistance test (NIJ 115.00) for STF Fabric composite, it easily passed level 1 protection. For the bullet test, also NIJ as reference, it showed interesting results. Instead of higher penetration from the bullet (9mm) to the conventional fabric composite, for STF-Fabric composite, bullet was deflected away (rebound) and had less significant mark over the top of the clay in tested frame panel. Basically, fabric composite will be placed over the top of the clay. The mark of the clay will be used as reference for the dissipated energy (energy absorption) from the test. A bigger diameter of the mark and the depth for the mark was deeper indicating the fabric composite has a low dissipated energy system. Smaller diameter of the mark and less depth of the indented clay, showed, a higher dissipated energy system for the fabric composite. 1.2 Problem Statement Wagner found that STF had rheological characteristic of dilatant but studied on the use of hard particle in suspension. Colloidal suspension of fume silica in polymeric aqueous media was performed by other researcher but they studied only ionic strength and critical shear rate effect. In depth study on formation of hydroclusters in colloid need to evaluated to relate structure relationship between shear thickening behavior of polymer suspension with regard to composition (volume fraction), particle porosity, size and shape of particle. Hence, viscosity measurements were evaluated for different polymer systems to determine the effect of these systems on critical shear rate and shear thickening phenomena. Stabbed and puncture resistant fabric composite employing STF with high spike and knife impact performance can be affected by the formulation of STF and adhesion between STF suspension and fabric yarn. Hence, this study is hoped to solve the problems faced by indepth understanding on rheological and performance aspects in the development of STF fabric composite for protective applications. 1.3 Objectives Of Study The specific objectives of the project include: To determine physical colloid properties of colloidal suspension from hard sphere particles and colloidal dispersion via zeta potential studies. To determine the rheological behaviors of the colloidal suspension from the effects of repulsion system present during steady shear experiments. To fabricate STF fabric composite using various layers of Kevlar 49 and cotton fabric and determine stab and puncture resistance of STF fabric composite according to standard NIJ 115.00 tests. References Bazhenov, S. (1997). Dissipation of Energy by Bulletproof Aramid Fabric. Journal of Materials. Science, 32, 4167-4173. Cunniff, P. (1992An Analysis of the System Effects in Woven Fabrics Under Ballistic Impact, Textile Research Journal, 62, 495-509 3. Egres Jr., R. (2005). Stab performance of shear thickening fluid (STF)-fabric compositesfor body armor applications. International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 50, 2369-2380. 4. Lee, Y. (2003). The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid. Journal of materials science, 38(13), 2825-2833 Maranzano, B.J. and Wagner, N.J., ( 2001) The effects of interparticle interactions and particle size on reversible shear thickening: hard-sphere colloidal dispersions, Journal of Rheology, 45(5), 1205-1222, 2001 Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J., Fritz, G., Glatter, O., (2000) Surface charge of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) coated Stà ¶ber silica colloids by zeta-phase analysis light scattering and small angle neutron scattering, Lagmuir 16, 10556-10558. Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J. (2001), the effects of particle size on reversible shear thickening of concentrated colloidal dispersions, J. Chem. Phys. 114 10514-10527. Barnes HA (1989) Shear-thickening (dilatancy) in suspensions of  nonaggregating solid particles dispersed in Newtonian liquids. J Rheology, 33, 329-366 I.F.Efremov, The Dilatancy of Colloidal Structures and Polymer Solutions Translated from Uspekhi Khimii, 51 285-310 (1982), Russia Chemical Reviews, 51 (2), 1982 SRINIVASA R. RAGHAVAN AND SAAD A. KHAN Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905 G. Fritz, B. J. Maranzano, N. J. Wagner, N. Willenbacher 2002, High frequency rheology of hard sphere colloidal dispersions measured with a torsional resonator, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 102, 2, pp 149-156 J. Schuster, D. Heider, K. Sharp, M. Glowania, 2008, Thermal conductivities of three-dimensionally woven fabric composites Composites Science and Technology, 68, 9, pp 2085-2091 Young Sil Lee Norman J. Wagner Dynamic properties of shear thickening colloidal suspensions Rheol Acta (2003) 42: 199-208 Hoffman RL (1974) Discontinuous and dilatant viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions. II. Theory and experimental tests. J Colloid Interface Sci 46:491-506 Hoffman RL (1997) Explanations for the cause of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions. J Rheology 42:111-123 Egres, R.G., Lee, Y.S., Kirkwood, J.E., Kirkwood, K.M., Wetzel, E.D., and Wagner, N.J. 2003. Novel flexible body armor utilizing shear-thickening fluid (STF) composites. Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Composite Materials. San Diego, CA.July 14 18, 2003. Horst Henning Winter et. Al: Rheology of Polymers near Liquid-Solid Transitions CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Shear Thickening Fluid (STF): Introduction Review Shear thickening fluid, basically have two different types of fluid behavior shear thinning and shear thickening. There are two types of shear thickening behavior in the fluid behavior. First, Shear thickening is a non-Newtonian flow behavior (dilatant) observed as an increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate or applied stress also known as time independent material (Barnes, 1989; Maranzano and Wagner, 2001; Lee and Wagner, 2003). Non-Newtonian flow behavior (rheopectics) observed as an increase in viscosity with increasing duration of stress (shear rate constant) known as the time dependent materials which have a memory to deform over period of time ( figure 1). Concentrated colloidal suspensions consisting of solid/hard spheres particles dispersed in a carrier liquid have been shown to exhibit rheological shear thickening behavior resulting in large, sometimes discontinuous increases in viscosity above a critical shear rate. This transition from a flowing liquid to a solid-like material is due to the formation of shear induced transient aggregates, or hydroclusters, that dramatically increase the viscosity of the fluid (Barnes, 1989; Maranzano and Wagner, 2001; Lee and Wagner, 2003). For stabilize the STF and avoiding agglomeration behavior, co-solvent is added and it must be done because STF has a very strong molecule interaction between particles and carrier fluid (attraction force) rather than repulsive force when force is applied at specific time (critical shear rate and critical shear stress) [Barnes, 1989; Maranzano and Wagner, 2001; Lee and Wagner, 2003]. The Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) is the combination of the particles suspended in the carrier fluid. Figure 2 showed the STF curve when shear stress applied on the material. The particles used can be made of various materials, such as Silica Dioxide or other oxides, or polymers such as Polystyrene (PS) or Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or other polymers from emulsion polymerization. Generally, particles can be in various shapes like spherical, elliptical, disk-like or clay particles (Barnes, 1989). The particles can be stabilized in solution or dispersed by charge, Brownian motion, grafted polymers and others. Then, pH value of a suspension also contributed to the stability of suspension via colloidal condition such as steric repulsion and electrostatic system. The effects of pH value, concentration of the surfactant, and ionic strength of the surfactant are major factors for the colloidal suspension. This influence parameter is due to the agglomeration particle size (F. Rey, M.A. Ferreira et al. 1995).These are basic parameters in the rheological suspension and colloidal suspension system. Many studies of shear thickening fluid system (Barnes 1989, Hoffman 1998, Wagner 2004), focus on the colloidal particles only such as nanoparticles colloidal silica and monodisperse silica, which is it is well known as a very stable individual particle interaction in the suspension [Brownian suspension]. In this paper, electrostatic stabilize and steric repulsion system is used to control the interparticles interaction in the rheological suspension. Electrostatic stabilize is less studies due to the complexity in the rheological suspension. Concentration and ionic strength of the surfactant are the main parameter of this paper and the final pH value is critical measured in order to exhibit rheological shear thickening. F. Rey, and M.A. Ferreira in their paper Effect of concentration, pH, and ionic strength on the viscosity of solutions of a soil fulvic acid claims, all the parameter in this studies showed the dramatic instant result of the suspension due to the gel point of the suspension or well known as isoelectric point (iep) by adjusting H+ present in the rheological suspension. in addition of steric repulsion system, making a barriers for the individual surface particle is a intention in this paper. The double layers of the barriers (thickness) due to the zeta potential and elec trokinetic theories are independent from the shear stress during rheological experiments. Because of the main intention of this paper are to determine the factors involving onset transition of the STF due to the interparticle interaction dependence which are closely related to the colloidal suspension rheology and the effects of the onset transition (rheological behavior) for the stab and puncture resistance test of fabric composite. Then, the co-solvent that are used, it can be aqueous in nature and non-aqueous which can be chosen to stabilize suspension system The co-solvent should be environmentally stable like ethanol and methanol, so that, they remain integral to the fabric and suspended during service. Another function of co-solvent is to lower the viscosity of the STF, so that impregnation process of fabric composite becomes efficient and easy. By adjusting the viscosity of the STF, areal density of final fabric composite can be alter and also monitored. The particles must get through and suspended in the fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn [lee wagner et al 2003]. The result from the good impregnation process is the friction force between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber will be increased [lee wagner et al 2003]. But in this paper, by using information from wagner and other researchers, a variation of the drying temperature for the STF and STF- fabric composite will be designed and tested via thermal degradation technique ( pre-degradation) and swelling behavior of the STF-fabric composite after at the different drying temperature. The idea are to avoid pre-degradation region and swelling behavior of the STF in the drying process which is believed will reduced the performance of the fabric composite due to the following factors, degradation of the STF and STF-fabric composite due to the drying temperature and swelling behavior of STF. By combination those factors, believed, the internal friction between fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn will be reduced which is making inefficiency of energy absorbtion or dissipated energy for fabric composite (Wagner 2004). 2.2 Mechanism of Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) The mechanism of STF normally can be described via hydrocluster theory and order-disorder theory. The similiarity of these theories is a idea of a new macrostructure formation occurred, furthermore, it are closely related to rheological experiments such as temperature and time factors. A few researchers like Barnes (1989), Hoffman (1998) and wagner (2004), claimed colloidal factors such as different types of carrier fluid, particles porosity, and volume fraction of particle suspended. But, these two theories still cant explain in detail about the mechanism of STF. Wagner and his team claimed the formation of hydrocluster must be a deflocculated suspension and major parmaters of STF are volume fraction, interparticle interaction, and particle porosity. A new theoretical transition will be proposed for STF behavior. Liquid-Solid transition (LST) or semi-solid transition involving the relaxation state of the fluid during transition which is normally include the changes of loss and stora ge modulus during transition and believed new formation of a new macrostructure are formed during rheological experiment. This a new macrostructure formed due to the formation of the attraction force and repulsion force in the STF, which is believed closely related with double layer theories in zeta potential theory. LST theories is based on the transition of the material due to the changing of the complex modulus which are can be translated into the formation of gel (stiffness) and relaxation state of the material during near transiton and at the onset transition. 2.2.1 Hydrocluster The most related theories to the shear thickening behavior are the hydrocluster theory. Basically, the hydrocluster will be occurred when the balance force from shearing flow in the concentrated suspension and the force rising from particle particle (interparticles) interaction (Bender and Wagner 1995).There are two conditions, first via colloidal factors (steric and electrostatic repulsion) and particle interactions between particle-particle and particle-carrier fluid (Bender and Wagner 1995). Figure 3 showed the formation of hydrocluster, when the applied shear stress on the STF. The formations of hydrocluster are still extensively investigated by researcher in the entire world. The main interest of this unique behavior is the onset transition (critical shear rate) from liquid state to solid or gel state. This phenomenon involving the rapid changes of fluid viscosity in a second whether applied it with shear stress, applied electric field (refer to the ER fluid), and applied magnetic field (refer to the MR fluid). There are specific equipments for detection of this phenomenon such as optical rheometer, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and two beam light laser scattering. But with all this equipments, still the formation of hydrocluster is unknown phenomena. According to this theory, at the lower stress (below critical stress, maximum volume packing fraction) interparticle interaction either Brownian motion or electrostatic, making the concentrated suspension is easily flow (shear thinning behavior and viscosity of the suspension become lower) due to the particles slippage in the carrier fluid. As the stress is increased, the attraction forces is slightly increases than repulsion force in between particles of the concentrated suspension (particles aggregation become larger and the viscosity of the suspension become higher). When the magnitudes of the shearing force are equilibrium to the interparticle interaction, the particles in the concentrated suspension become cluster also known as hydrocluster. This theory is first suggested by Brady (Bossis and Brady 1989) as a result from stokesian Dynamics simulation and then, supported by optical rheological experiment by wagner (Bender and Wagner 1995). Basically, these phenomenons are closely related with phenomenon of Resonance in physic. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the systems resonant frequencies (or resonance frequencies). At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations, because the system stores vibration energy [the fundamental of physic 1999]. 2.2.2 Order-Disorder Theory The order-Disorder mechanism is first suggested by Hoffman (Hoffman 1972) which obeserved the monodispersed supension under shear generate different patterns at critical shear rate ( before and after). According to this theory, when the suspension is sheared, particles is ordered in the specific formation ( hexagonal or pentagonal) of packed layers parallel to the plane of shear. After a crtical stress is reached, the instabilities in the formation of packed layers become greater and particles are out of the formation. Then, these particles collide and jammed to each other and produce in the rise of viscosity. An example of these pattern can be seen in figure 4 Hoffman monitored the monodispersed suspension under shear and showed that figure 4(A) corresponds to the order formation of the packed layers while figure 4(B) is disorder or random formation of the packed layers after critical shear stress is reached. The illustration of the phenomenon for the order- disorder formation of the packed layers that suggested by Hoffman can be seen in figure 5. those formation is captured by the Hoffman by using a simple shear in figure 4 (A) is same formation in the figure 5 (A). Hoffman predicted that, those formation occur due to the strong surface bonding in the monodisperse suspension which normally reffered to the hydrogen and van der waals bond. In figure 5 (B), the disorder formation occurs when sample shear above critical shear stress. Particle are collide and jammed each other and produce in rise of viscosity due to the agglomeration of the particles. 2.2.3 Introduction Liquid-Solid Transition (LST) In this paper, a new concept theoretical onset transition of STF will be proposed. The main ideas of this theoretical concept are the macrostructure of the fluid are changes during onset transition from liquid state to the solid or gel state, and liquid- solid transition state which is normally involving the relaxation state (). The transition also can be state as semi-solid transition at the critical shear rate. This paper, also will be investigated the formation of the transition by using colloidal particles which are stabilize by using two system, steric and electrostatic repulsion system. LST involves many such of factors, such as theory of gelation, branching theories, and percolation theories. All the theory in LST are closely related to the formation of the macrostructure, whether effect on the temperature surrounding or over time. 2.2.3.1 Theory of Gelation The LST of polymers is also technically important since it occurs in nearly all of the common fabrication processes. Examples are injection molding of semi-crystalline polymers (where the surface quality of the finished parts may be affected by gelation shear thickening fluid (STF) and processing of crosslinking polymers. Therefore, the onset transition for STF can be detected by using LST. There are several theories in gelation are normally used in LST. First is branching theories and second is percolation theory. The onset transition are very important to the STF for comparison with the hydrocluster formation theories and order disorder theory and proposed new theoretical idea for the rheological behavior due to the factors affecting the performance of STF such as molecular weight dependence, volume fraction dependence and particle particle interaction dependence. Those all factors which affecting the performance of STF had been discussed in previous sub-chapter. 2.2.4 Description of the Phenomena for Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) Basically, the phenomenon of STF is investigated by using a lot of parameter in the last two decades. Volume fraction, particle porosity and interparticle interaction dependence is a major parameters for STF. In this paper, molecular weight of carrier fluid is added in the STFs parameter, in order to increase the potential parameter for the STFs phenomenon. 2.2.4.1 Volume Fraction Dependence Volume fraction factor is the main parameter in the shear thickening fluid [STF]. In general, a solid or hard particle which is suspended in the carrier fluid such as ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or other carrier fluid which are aqueous in nature or non-aqueous in nature can exhibit shear thickening behavior at the minimal range of volume fraction in between 30% to 49%. Above 50% of volume fraction, the rheological shear thickening behavior can be measured at lower shear rate but it depending on the complex viscosity of the suspension which is it is related to another parameters like particle size and porosity. Meaning, surface area and aspect ratio of the particle are greater influenced on the final viscosity of the STF. One parameter that has a huge effect on the critical shear rate is the volume fraction. At low volume fractions (below 0.5), shear thickening is either less dramatic or not significant [Characterization of Shear-Thickening Fluid-Filled Foam system for Use in Energy Absorption Devices, Jose 2004]. Wagner and his team also claims, colloidal silica ( 14nm) which is suspended in the polyethylene glycol, less than or 30% volume fraction of STF will producing less or no significant of thickening behavior either at low shear rate or higher. Raghavan and khan which studying the rheological behavior of fumed silica suspended in low molecular weight polypropylene glycol claim, non-flocculated suspension exhibit shear thickening at 10% [w/w] under steady flow and strain-thickening under oscillatory shear. Strain-thickening refer to the abrupt increase in the complex modulus [complex viscosity]. Fumed silica generally known has higher agglomeration size up to 140 micron. Therefore, volume fraction has less significant affected on the shear thickening behavior. The agglomeration size is the main factor in the Raghavan and Khan studies (figure 2.2.4). The results of Barnes demonstrate that at volume fractions in the range of 50 %, the shear thickening behavior is expected and predictable. In addition, theoretical analysis of the maximum volume fraction of monodispersed suspensions predicts this value is Ømax=0.605, where this value corresponds to, the volume fraction for a cubically stacked hexagonal packing (Boersma et al. 1989). 2.2.4.2 Molecular Weight of the Carrier Fluid Dependence Molecular weight of the carrier fluid is a new parameter in the STF. Wagner and his team reported that the viscosity of the carrier fluid is important to predict the onset transition from shear thinning to the shear thickening behavior in the STF. A difficulty occurs from getting exacts experimental measurement of the effect of carrier fluids due to the reality that changing the carrier fluid affects the interparticles interaction. In this paper, by monitoring the zeta potential of the carrier fluid, those two effects (molecular weight dependence and Particle-Particle Interaction Dependence) can be separated. The onset transition of STF will be a main indicator for this parameter neither the suspension are flocculated or deflocculated. The idea of used difference molecular weight is cames from colloidal suspension which prepared by raghvan, in his experiment polypropylene glycol (PPG) as a main carrier fluid. He are experimental the effect of the rheological behavior for fumed silica suspended in PPG at lower concentration (mass fraction), and showed the STF behavior at low yield stress (figure 6). The experiment by raghvan is difference from wagner and barnes, which used colloidal particle from Nissan Chemicals (MP4540) and suspended in PEG 200 at high concentration for exhibit shear thicknening behavior (figure 6). Therefore, when turnable fumed silica particle into colloidal fumed silica via steric and electrostatic repulsion system, suspended it in the different molecular weight of carrier fluid at various particle loadings, believed, the suspension will exhibited shear thickening behavior at low yield stress. 2.2.4.3 Particle-Particle Interaction Dependence Interparticles interactions are very important in determining the shear thickening behavior of a suspension. Flocculated suspension will not exhibit shear thickening (Barnes 1989), but instead they will show shear thinning, as shown in figure 7. Basically, the flow behavior of a suspension is extremely affected by interparticle interaction. These phenomenons also refer to the final condition which refers to the pH value of a suspension. Therefore in table 1, the Floc sizes are monitored due to the effect of pH value, electrolytes, and polymer on a kaolin suspension. Because of flocculation is expected to begin at lower pH values, namely edge to face that kaolin is positively charged and de-flocculation at higher pH values it carries a net negative charge on the surface. (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008). The flocculation of kaolin depended on pH, electrolytes and polymers flocculants. Floc size and floc strength increased with increasing of cation valency in the electrolytes and increasing of molecular weight in the polymers (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008). The information that gathered from table 1 is important for the colloidal suspension

Crisis of Conscience Essays -- Literary Analysis, Joseph Heller

In Catch-22, Joseph Heller creates a surreal world of irrationality to illuminate madness and corruption. Through the satirical characterizations of the novel's leaders, Heller criticizes not just the institution of war but all forms of bureaucratic establishment. The authority figures in the novel are portrayed as selfish and deranged maniacs without any sense of morality, driven purely by their desires to expand their power and reputations. These leaders are able to skew reason to their benefits through their followers’ acceptance of conformity and conventions. The novel's protagonist, Yossarian, however, rejects the pressures of conformity and is unwilling to accept his leaders' illogical projections of truth and duty. By running away to rescue Nately's whore's sister, Yossarian is able to overcome the oppression of authority and find his own sense of purpose by deciding for himself what is right and pursuing it. This victory advances Heller’s commendation of standi ng up against the conventions of society and refusing to accept truth blindly. Joseph Heller’s novel makes use of humorous surrealism to illuminate corruption in society. Heller admits that in his novels, â€Å"the texture, the approach,† as opposed to the â€Å"basic story line, the sequence of action,† is what â€Å"makes them distinctive† (Rielly). Indeed, at its most basic level, the plot of Catch-22 is hardly surrealistic or unconventional at all; it is a reasonably historically accurate portrait of the end of the Second World War. The missions Yossarian flies, the deaths he witnesses, and the poverty he observes are all true to the setting. Many events in the book, such as the mission where Yossarian and his comrades are ordered to bomb a civilian city to create a roadbloc... ...on to be part of an "American traditions" of literary rebels who "escap[e]... in order to save [themselves] from absurdity, compromise, or dispair" (McDonald). Though Heller intended the moral ambiguity of escaping military service "to raise a question rather than answer one," Yossarian's final action ultimately represents a triumph of nonconformity (Rielly). He is able to see the fraudulence of the war and decides that a 'disobedient' life helping a lost girl is more worthy than a 'dutiful' one serving a corrupt general. Through this decision, Yossarian is able to find purpose and moral satisfaction in his own life. This personal victory celebrates the power of nonconformity. In boldly rejecting societal expectations to pursue the life one believes in, goodness can be pursued, evil can be challenged, and the truth strength and value of an individual can be found.

“The Scarlet Letter” Chapters 1-3 Review Essay

1. As the story opens a throng is gathered. Who are these people? Where and why are they gathered? Men with beards in sad-colored garments and crowned hats, there are also a few women. They are citizens and they are gathered outside, around the marketplace, to view Hester Prynne on a platform, with her scarlet letter. 2. The description in Chapter One of the people’s dress, the prison, and the surrounding vegetation serves to establish certain important impressions of Puritan society at the time of the story. What impressions of this society do you get from the opening chapter? It can be inferred that the timeline is in the seventeenth century due to the description of the area and the way it is referenced, such as the â€Å"market place.† I feel that the community is very strict Puritan. As it was mentioned in the Hawthorne biography lecture, his writing was influenced by a strict Puritan background. Puritans took sin very seriously, which included being very strict with punishments. In the first chapter, the details of Hester’s punishment are not in vivid detail; however, her sin is not just taken with a â€Å"grain of salt,† so to say, because she is put on display in front of the entire community. 3. The story itself begins with the punishment of Hester Prynne. a. What early hints do you get in Chapter Two about the nature of her crime? A group of women are discussing Hester at the market-place and the women agreed that the women who are mature and good church members should be allowed to deal with such â€Å"malefactresses as this Hester Prynne.† The women also refer to Hester as a â€Å"hussy.† It is also mentioned that Dimmesdale is upset about such a scandal. One woman suggests that Hester should be branded upon her forehead and another woman declares that Hester has â€Å"brought shame upon us all, and ought to die.† The women’s remarks suggest that â€Å"Mistress Prynne† has committed a woman’s crime, one that brings them all shame. So,  from the language of the group of women and the terms â€Å"mistress† and â€Å"scandal,† it can best be inferred that she committed a crime that looks bad amongst women and her being referred to as a mistress (one who partakes in sexual acts without relationship bounds) gives hints to her crime. b. What more definite information about her crime do you get in Chapter Three? While standing on the platform, Hester recognizes a man in the crowd who is accompanied by an Indian. This man inquires about her and why she is there. This is where we learn that she has committed adultery (the scarlet letter â€Å"A† is for adultery). 4. What two punishments have been assigned to Hester Prynne? One is that her sin ousts her from society. The other is that she must wear an â€Å"A,† the scarlet letter, especially for public humiliation, which marks that she committed adultery. 5. Standing on the scaffold, Hester envisions her earlier life. What facts do you learn about her previous life? What was her relationship with the man â€Å"well stricken in years†? We learn that she grew up in England, and her house, which was a decayed, poverty-stricken house of gray stone. Her mother had passed away and it was inferred that she also left her home to go to a city because she imagines a continental city with narrow streets, huge cathedrals; and ancient public buildings. While mentioning the city, the book also mentions the man â€Å"well stricken in his years.† It is said that she imagines a man whose years had worn on him, his right shoulder a bit deformed because the left shoulder is higher, the weary face and bleary eyes of a scholar who had read many books. In the third chapter, Hester sees a man in the crowd that matches the description of her imagination and he immediately catches her gaze. It is later revealed in the chapter that the man is her husband. 6. One man in the surrounding crowd is singled out. He is described as â€Å"clad in a strange disarray of civilized and savage costume.† a. What effect does his presence have on Hester?   Her intensive awareness of the public’s attention was relieved when she saw an Indian with a white man in the crowd. It is said that when Hester saw the man, she clutched her baby to her chest so hard that it cried; however, she did not even realize or hear her baby cry. She could not stop staring at him. b. What is the significance of his laying his finger on his lips when Hester fastens her eyes on him? He had noticed that she was watching him and she must’ve been confused by his presence. When he caught her gaze, he pressed his finger to his lips to signal to her to not say a word. c. What clues are there to his identity? When Hester was on the scaffold imagining her past, she imagined a man with deformed shoulders, his left shoulder higher than his right, she imagined a weary face and bleary ices with a penetrating power. The first clue is when Hester first sees the man and she notices his â€Å"intelligence† features, she also notices his shoulders and more into the details, it is revealed through the expressive descriptions of his eyes and his gaze that the man she sees in the crowd is the man she imagined. 7. While on the scaffold, Hester is subjected to a kind of interrogation. a. What important question related to her crime remains unanswered? Who the father of Hester’s baby is/who tempted Hester. b. What plea do the two ministers make in regard to this question? To reveal the man who is the baby’s father/tempted Hester into adultery. c. Who else besides the 2 clergymen questions her in this matter? It was Governor Bellingham. d. What is Hester’s response? That her child must seek a heavenly father, for her child will never have an earthly one. 8. Based on the reading you have done in these chapters, do you have a theory about the answer to the question which the ministers have put to Hester? If you do, explain what you have noticed in your reading that might support  your theory. During the questioning, Dimmesdale has a much stronger plea than Mr. Wilson, but prior to his questioning, he takes a moment to say a silent prayer, which Mr. Wilson did not, which gives a bit of a suspicion. Dimmesdale’s voice trembles and is quite broken when he speaks to Hester; he even mentions that even if the man who tempted her had to step down from his position of high power/authority, that it would be better than living a life of sin. When Mr. Wilson asked Hester to speak, her gaze never broke Dimmesdale, especially with she said that she would never tell. â€Å"She will not speak!,† murmured Dimmesdale, as he was leaning over the balcony with his hand over his heart as he had waited to see how Hester would respond. From Dimmesdale’s strong plea, his emotions and actions during the plea, and the way he reacts when Hester is asked to speak gives off hints that there may be a connection between Hester and Dimmesdale.

Ricardo Semler Semco the Self-Managed Entreprise

THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY The Good: SEMCO International Management – MSc Organization A.Y. 2009 – 2010 Ettore Penazzato TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SEMCO in brief 3 2. Reorganization of the company: context, actions impacts 4 2.1 Changing the organizational structure 5 2.2 Profit-sharing program 7 2.3 Participatory decision-making 7 3. Evaluation based on the course material 7 3.1 HRM Practices 7 3.2 Empowerment of the employees 8 3.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation solved by profit-sharing program 8 3.4 Self-determined Salaries: Equity theory 10 4. Considerations based on 7 S model 12 5. Conclusions Recommendations 13 6. Bibliography 14 7. Appendix 15†¦show more content†¦These people have a fundamental role inside the organization, as they allow this structure to work even with the reduction of management levels (Semler, 1989). This change neutralized the problem of hierarchy. [pic] Figure 1. SEMCO’s organization structure Semler also put a ceiling on the maximum level of capacity for each plant, to 150 employees, in order to make the production units more efficient. Despite increased overhead costs it led to a higher degree of collaboration between smaller groups of employees inside each individual part of the facility (Semler, 1989). Thus, the obstacle of size was removed. As a result, the new structure improved the ability of the organization in terms of resource and time efficiency, in fact since its implementation inventory turnover fell greatly (Semler, 1989). Surely the responsiveness and the adaptability have also improved, which represents an important advantage for a company that works in such a fast changing technological environment. In fact, this structure is particularly suitable with a strategy focused on rapid innovation and that has to face a volatile environment (Semler, 1989). SEMCO also developed an innovation structure which was initially a solution based on a cost cutting strategy, but consequently it was implemented at a company level. In the mid 80’s three SEMCO Engineers propositioned a new work unit. These three engineers planned to venture out on their own, as a type of Corporate