Refraction Essay Example for Free

Refraction EssayRefraction BY gupta979 Refraction refers to the bending of the transmitted light at the interface between two transparent materials. The incline of bending depends on the angle of incidence and the relative speeds of the light in the two different media and can be found from the relationship pic From this equation we conform to that the direction in which the light is bent depends on whether it is going from a slower to a faster medium or vice versa.Index of refraction The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. By definition, n = 1 in vacuum. In all materials n 1. The frequency of light does not change as it goes from iodine a medium of one index of refraction to another. This means that the wavelength changes with the speed. Thus, the wavelength is smaller in a medium than in vacuum.From the definition of the index of refraction, we can rewrite the relationship etween the hazard and refracted angles as or This equation is known as Snells law of refraction. Example The index of refraction of a glass is n = 1. 6. A ray of light is incident upon the glass surface at an angle of 300. What is the angle of refraction into the glass? Solution approximately n If the wavelength of the light in air is 520 nm (green), what is its wavelength in the glass? What is the frequency of the light? (2 slow fast incident reflected refracted

Descriptive Writing Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Writing EssayI could feel a gentle warm breeze that was blowing in from the west, bringing with it a mouth-watering comprehend of strawberry ice cream. Also with the wind came the enchanting smell of fresh salty air mixed with another smell that I didnt recognise. The fighting(a) bustling metropolitan was surrounded by rolling emerald green hills, giants watching over me. In the centre of the city sat a colossal cardinal storey skyscraper made purely out of glass and reinforced steel.The city faced the never ending topaz sea it stretched all the way up to a calm and pleasant lake which glittered over a mile away in the distance. The north section of the city was taken up by direful skyscrapers and a humming metropolitan of lights and music a huge building encrusted all in all with multi-coloured gems that bathed the city in the reflective luminosity. Nestled at the layer of the skyscrapers were dozens of magnificent and completely unique cafes and bars.The first cafe at the top was a marble building that looked like a mausoleum, with heavy columns. The second bar was completely different- a million lights flashed from every surface. The third cafe was a long, low building with the front made completely of glass that was patterned with hundreds of different patterns, and it had beanbags inside and low coffee tables. Another cabin was covered in flowers that had grown on the walls and doorway and another impressive cabin was made of solid gold that seemed to glow in the sunlight.

Problems In Rural Distribution

Problems In coun rise DistributionRural consumers spend around 13% of their income on fast moving consumer reliables.The FMCG sedulousness in India was worth around US$ 16.03 billion in August 2008 and the verdant marketplaceplace accounted for 57% share of the total FMCG market in India.Rural selling facilitate transfer of goods and service from hobnailed producers to urban consumers at possible time with reasonable prices, and agriculture inputs/ consumer goods from urban to campestral.The cracker-barrel markets commence arrive a great opportunity for many companies to expand sales. However, many of them back prohibited as they find dispersal as a major problem. They try the same tricks in country-style markets as they have tried in urban market e.g., extensive retailing and sustained pull generation by means of mass media advertising. As a result they fail and blame the less developed infrastructure of the rural markets. Creative companies like HLL, have been expe rimenting to find ripe ways of ca-caing the rural consumers. Problems in rural distribution (i) Difficulty in reaching rural consumersThe major problems areLack of adequate channelize facilities,Large distances between settlements,Lack of pucca roads connecting villages to nearest townships,Lack of proper retail go forth lets, andThe low density of population and inaccessibility makes the problem of armed service these villages individually difficult and often uneconomical. Direct confery of goods to even the top ane per penny of villages costs twice as much as service of process urban markets. Therefore, in the initial stage, it may be better to concentrate only on the larger villages, and towns with large agricultural hinterlands that act as foci for distribution. The semi-wholesalers and retailers function smaller villages can obtain stocks from these places or the villagers themselves can buy the necessary items.Studies conducted by the Marketing Research De interruptm ent of Hindustan Level showed that about 20 per cent of the farmers visit the nearest town at least once a month to sell their produce and purchase their requirements.(ii) Multiple Tiers, Higher Costs and administrative ProblemsIn the first place, the rural distribution chain requires a larger number of tiers, compared to the urban one. The long distances to be covered from the product points and the scattered locations of the consume households cause this situation. At the minimum, the rural distribution chain needs the villagel evel shopkeeper, the mandi-level distributor and the wholesaler/stockiest in the town. And on top of them are the manufacturers own warehouses/branch parting operations at selected centers in the marketing territory. Such multiple tiers and scattered outfits push up costs and make channel management a major problem. The scope for manufacturers direct outlets such(prenominal) as show rooms or depots is quite limited in the rural market unlike in urban are as. (iii) Non-availability of DealersMany firms find that thither are a limited number of suitable dealers. Even if the firm is willing to start from scratch and try out rank newcomers, the choice of candidates is really limited.(iv) Poor Viability of Retail OutletsRetail sales outlets in the rural market suffer from poor viability. A familiar enigma in rural distribution is that the manufacturer incurs additional expenses on distribution still the retail outlets find that the business is un remunerative. The scattered nature of the market and the numerosity of tiers in the chain use up the additional funds the manufacturer is prepared to part with. (v) Inadequate Credit FacilitiesInadequacy of institutional/bank confidence is another constraint. Rural outlets are unable to carry adequate stocks due to lack of credit facilities. They are unable to extend credit to their customers. Thus there is a vicious circle of lack of credit facilities leading to inadequate stocking and loss o f business,finally resulting in poor viability of outlets.Need for an Intelligent ApproachFurther if one takes a closer look at the characteristic features of rural market, it will be clear that distribution in fact, is no problem at all. The perceived problem is only a misconception of the old timers who are not aware of the changing scenario in rural areas and the potential of the existing selling outlets. Under the rural road construction programme, the Government plans to link villages with a population of 1,5000 or above withal-weather roads. Progress in this has been somewhat tardy.CokeTo reach out to rural India, Coke started out by drawing up a hit list of high potential villages from various districts. To ensure full loads, large distributors (Hubs) were appointed, and they were supplied from the familys depot in large towns and cities.Full load supplies were catered twice weekly against payment by demand draft. On their part,the hubs appointed smaller distributors (Spoke s) in adjoining areas.The smaller distributors undertook fixed journey plans on a weekly basis and supplied against cash. The distributors also hired rickshaws (cycle operated vans) that travelled to villages daily.ITC eChoupalsAnother innovator in rural distribution the $3.6 billion, Calcutta-based tobacco-to hotels conglomerate ITC has also been trying to build a platform that others can use. ITC is setting up eChoupals across the agricultural belt in India to offer the farmers of India all the information, products and services they need to enhance farm productivity, improve farm-gate price realization and cut transaction costs. Farmers can access latest local and globose information on weather, scientific farming practices as well as market prices at the village itself through this web portal all in Hindi. Choupal also facilitates supply of high quality farm inputs as well as purchase of commodities at their doorstep.This has been done in a phased approachIn phase I, the b usiness goal was to create a physical infrastructure of eChoupals at the village level and create local level ownerships through the identify Sanchalaks. At this stage the business goal was supported by creating a local language portal, which provided the required information to farmers such as local weather, market prices and best practices.In Phase II, the business goal was to get the farmer registered and transacting by selling directly to ITC Ltd. through the virtual market. This goal was supported by creating a B2B site, which integrated the transactions directly to the back-end ERP and ensured that there was no latency in processing any of the procurement by the processing units.In Phase III, the business goal was to create a full fledged meta-market.In this phase, the market would facilitate other operators like inputs providers and rural distributors to work effectively through the eChoupal to deliver and procure goods from every participating village.The technology road map to support this phase was to have a secure,consolidated Farmers database with all information pertaining to their holdings and credit worthiness to be available online. This database, along with identification provided by smart cards would enable support for online transactions through the eChoupal leading to integration with participating financial institutions such as banks, insurance and credit agencies .Transaction costs are also minimized for the farmer by buying output at the farmers doorstep, and through transparent set and weighing practices. A substantial quantity has already been procured through this channel, resulting in overall savings. The savings are shared between buyer (ITC) and seller (farmer).On the marketing front, ITC is able to maintain and grow the trust of its farmers by enhancing their productivity and wealth. ITC leverages this position of trust among farmers, as well as its distribution capabilities, to market its own consumer good brands and those of pa rtner companies offering products and services that ITC does not. Sales of consumer goods through the e-Choupals have been particularly successful because the cost-savings associated with dealing directly with the manufacturer allow Sanchalaks to offer goods at dismantle prices than other village-level traders or retailers can afford to do.Empowering Women Consumers I-ShaktiHindustan Lever, whose 2006 revenues were $2.8 billion, has been learning these lessons for nearly a decade. The companys Project Shakti (its name means strength) was born out of this realization, and it has become a case study for business schools and evolved beyond its original goals. The objectives of Project Shakti are to create income-generating capabilities for underprivileged rural women by providing a minor enterprise opportunity, and to improve rural living standards with greater awareness of health and hygiene, says Dalip Sehgal, executive director of the Shakti initiative.Hindustan Levers drive into rural India was prompted in part by growing competition. When the Indian economy opened up in early 1990s, multinationals such as Procter Gamble stepped up their activities, forcing Hindustan Lever to seek higher(prenominal) revenues and growth by reaching into villages with 1,000 or fewer residents. Launched in 2001, Project Shakti was an important part of this dodging. It involved working with rural self-help groups (SHGs) to educate rural women, duration also making them part of the companys marketing vane. Women from SHGs become Shakti entrepreneurs direct-to-home distributors of Hindustan Lever products in rural markets, says Sehgal. This micro-enterprise offers low risks and high returns. The products distributed include a avow of mass-market items especially relevant to rural consumers, such as soap, toothpaste, shampoo and detergent.The Shakti website features a video profile of Rojamma, a young woman from the state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India, as an example of a typical Shakti distributor. A mother of two who was left to fend for herself and two daughters after her husband abandoned the family, Rojamma initially do ends meet by working in her parents fields. She then joined the Shakti project and became a distributor of Hindustan Lever products, speaking in village after village to impoverished and often illiterate women about the need to bathe their children and wash their clothes regularly and also selling them soap and detergent. The commission Rojamma earned on her sales helped provide for her family. Today she is a proud entrepreneur and enjoys not only the money she earns from the project but also the respect of society, says Sehgal. The lives of thousands of women have changed because of Shakti.A typical Shakti distributor sells products worth Rs 10,000-15,000 (around $250) a month, which provides an income of Rs 700-1,000 (around $25) a month on a sustainable basis. While this may not seem to be a high income, it makes an enormo us difference to women who live in remote villages in dire poverty. In many cases, earnings from Shakti help them double their household income. often of the additional income goes to educating children, and also to purchasing consumer durables such as television sets, which further expands the rural market for such products. Some Shakti distributors whom the company calls entrepreneurs invest the scanty money in buying vehicles such as motor scooters that allow them to go into more villages.Indeed, with help from Shakti distributors, Hindustan Lever has been able to reach rural consumers in thousands of remote Indian villages. According to media reports, Shakti distributors now account for 15% of the companys sales in rural India. Meanwhile, the potential for growth is enormous, since studies have shown that incisively 15% of Indian consumers use products such as shampoo. According to Whartons Raju, there are behavioural reasons why rural consumers represent a drop dead bet f or companies that are willing to invest in reaching them. Affluent consumers demonstrate that they have arrived by buying bigger houses or cars. People at lower income levels do so by buying premium brands. This means brand loyalty is very high among less affluent consumers. That is why the rural market is critical for companies. The first-mover advantage is significant.The Shakti model was piloted in 50 villages of the Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh. It has now spread to more than a dozen states, creating 26,000 women distributors covering 80,000 villages. By 2010, the goal is to recruit 100,000 Shakti distributors covering 500,000 of Indias more than 600,000 villages. This initiative has been extremely successful, says Ajay Gupta, CEO of www.ruralnaukri.com, a job site for the rural market.In addition to the distribution network, the Shakti project includes Shakti Vani (or voice), a social awareness program, and iShakti, a community portal. Desktop computers are set up in the homes of Shakti entrepreneurs, says a Hindustan Lever spokesperson. These computers are provide with software developed by Unilever through which users can access content in categories including education, employment, agriculture, health and entertainment. They can also ask questions on any of these subjects and have them answered by experts.iShakti is in its early days it was launched in November 2004. The Vani project, however, is operational in more than 20,000 villages in states like Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. Hindustan Lever has also tied up with partners such as Tata Consultancy Services, Indias largest software firm, which is actively involved with the iShakti portal, and ICICI, a financial services institution that is involved with providing micro-credit loans. With the network now in place, other companies fatality to hop on to the Shakti bandwagon. One service that is likely to be added soon is insurance.Hub and spoke model ExMedicated so ap which is 100 per cent handmade is unblock from tax and consumers especially in rural market is attracted by the medical qualities of the soap as natural products appeals to an average Indian.Medimix in this category is very democratic due to all the above qualities and within the reach of a rural customer. There is no compromise on the packaging or appearance or the perfume or colour of the soap.Their strategy was first target small hotels all over India. A firm decision was taken that Medimix would aggressively market to over 3,000 small hotels all over India, even in small towns. The outcome is even foreign tourists were impressed by the medicated quality of Medimix.Through the hub model, Medimix is offered in the villages and explaining the local influencer about Medimix as an ayurvedic product. When he is convinced, his customers got convinced. In fact penetration of medimix in south is about 80% which is much higher than Hindustan unilevers Haman.Distribution network of coc a cola is effective in reaching the rural market. It has a hub and spoke distribution system which helps in gaining access to the small places. Increasing the reach by providing inexpensive ice-boxes to small retailers and distributors in rural areas as it can be a substitute for electricity which is not available 24 hrs in rural areas.Improvements Future Scope Increasing urbanisation in reference to lifestyle, habits, etc. has given opportunity to the companies to enter into the rural market with a break up to maximise the market reach and to realise the untapped potential.Making small size packets or sachets and popularizing the brand with the help of opinion leaders facilitate in serving the rural market. As people can afford these packets of small sizes having lesser price. This requires sales force to be trained to win the confidence of opinkion leaders. This strategy is already in use by a number of FMCG companies like HUL, Marico etc.Rural consumers can be reached through i nnovative media. Apart from radio receiver and television which are the conventional media others like horse cart, bullock cart and wall writing can effectively convey the message.Some of the strategies to tap the opportunities in the rural market areBuild fair price shops i.e. having tie ups with public distribution system.Develop rural shopping malls that act as a two way supply chain. While selling goods to the farmers and also buy their farm produce.Use mixture of retailers and wholesalers to reach every nook and cranny of rural market.Grow rural malls and self help groups to push product into core rural market.

Has Globalization Created a New Type of Warfare?

Has Globalization Created a New Type of Warf ar?Has globalisation created an duration of unfermented warf ares?IntroductionWith the innovations in information and technologies and the rapid developments in telecommunications and data mathematical operationing in modernity or even anterior era, globalisation is of rice beer to nearly(prenominal) researchers and policy influencetlers since it has been recognized as a sunrise(prenominal) phenomenon that leads to signifi discountt change in the social relations of warfare (Fleming, 2009 213). Globalization, a paradoxical surgical procedure of increased inter affiliatedness, is the escalating of global interconnectedness that faces a set of challenges of policy-making, economic, cultural and military aspects to the modern verbalise (Kaldor, 2001 3). The role of globalisation in the modern warfare has been truly noticed, particularly in east Europe and Africa during the 1980s and 1990s, as a key movement factor behind th e development of a clean guinea pig of unionized violence due to its affecting the pattern of government activity and rising the stipulation identity political relation from the disintegration of disk operating system system within evinces (Kaldor, 2001 70). This new violent conflict is regarded as of internal or civil characteristics and is delimit as new war (Malantowicz, 2010 52). Across the time period of the modernwelfare, it would pop that at that place put on been the improvements in informationand technologies, specially in communication, is of process of globalization, thatgreatly led to the changes in contemporary of politics and economics.Furtherto a greater extent, the characteristic of warfare is of influenced by this process (Malantowicz,2010 159). Thus, it is my point of view, as a researcher in this afoot(predicate)study, that globalization has a tendency contributed to influence the changesin nature of violent conflicts as it wees a weak states sovereig nty in theirterritory by political mobilization from various intra- and inter- state actors ground on identity politics. And since the new wars are often characterized bythe form of violence against civilian cosmos therefore, globalization isvery presumable to create the new wars era.With these considerations in mind,this current paper has been dissever into four parts. First, the differences betweenold and new wars theories will be briefly outlined, in fix up to facilitateunderstanding inside into the characteristics of new wars. due south, the probable affair between globalization and new wars, especially Kaldors new wars, will be reasoned, in order to conclusively demonstrate that globalization may have anumerous effect on elements of these new attribute of violence. Third, a case study ofthe ethnical cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina war will be illustrated, in order todemonstrate the paradigm of the new type of warfare that is of interest of multipleinternational actors in globalized world in which their effort is mobilizedwell-nigh the ethnically cleans area. Finally, the conclusion will be sum up allfor the aforementioned sections. grey-headed wars and new wars the differences in their logicsIn order to effectively discuss how it is likely that globalization has created an aged of new war, it is firstly essential to understand the shift of logic of unionized violence from earlier era to the era of globalization. The clean term of war is defined by Clausewitz as an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfil our will (In Kaldor, 2001 17). In other words, this war is war between states and conducted by states, in an attempt to achieve state interests by defeating enemy of state and gaining its territory through the use of national forces. On the other hand, todays conflicts, according to new wars theories, on the whole, seek to be a part of open world in which the contexts of contemporary politics and economics are influenced by process of globalisation, thus lead to the erosion of authoritarian provoked by individual or group interests and greed (In Malantowicz, 2010 159). Furthermore, the speedily advancing communications and technology as part of the process of globalization is closely associated with the cause rise of identity politics in site which, at worst, could be lead to the form of violent ethnic cleansing that directed against civilian population due to their identity (Kaldor, 2001 78). The contrast between old can new wars can beclassified in to four main categories aims, actors, methodologies andfinancial forms. Firstly, old wars were fought for democracy or socialism tostrengthen state exponent in which the main driving forces behind states towardsthese wars are the geo-politics or ideology, whilst political mobilization around identity, ethnic, tribal or religiousor racial, in order to claimsovereign state, is the goal of new conflicts. Secondly, theearlier wars were fought by the states regular build up forces whereas there arevarying actors of twain state and non-state, such as warlords, regular armedforces, fought in the new type of conflict. Thirdly, a regular procedure of previous once is the capturing territory through military means during the skirmish conversely, in new wars, territoryis captured through political means using population displacement technique.Lastly, the financial of old wars is funded by states, however, it is difficultto specify the line of finance in new violent conflicts because it is blurredcategories of the purpose of financial between economic and politic (Kaldor,2013 3).As Kaldor phrase it, the term new is exclamatory with an attempt to provide the appropriate approaches in order to demonstrate the shift of logic as well as characteristic of organized violence from the earlier era to the 1990s and to facilitate the understanding and interpreting of such policy-makers insight into the interrelated characteristics of these conflicts (Kald or, 2013 4). The logic of new wars the link between globalization and new wars agree to Kaldor, the term of new wars is used tointerpret the development of new type of organized violence of the globalizedera, particularly during the last decades of the 20th century in Eastern Europeand Africa in order to conceptualize the breakdown of binarydistinctions contexts between state and non-state, public and private, externaland internal, economic and political, and even war and peace which is both acause and a progeny of violence. Various terms have been used to emphasize theconcept of these conflicts. The most of new wars theorists are prevailingdefined this term as civil or intra-state wars or else as low-intensityconflict (Kaldor, 2001 2). There is however, for thinkers such as Shaw assertsemphatically that there is an interrelation with the total wars of the ordinal century and their genocidal aspects, thus he points out the term degeneratewarfare as a description of new wars in whic h highlights the deteriorate ofnational framework, primarily in the military forces aspect (In Kaldor, 2001 2).Theemergence of industrial society during modernity period or even earlier as aconsequence of the gyration in information and technologies and advancementsin transport, communications and data processing resulted in a new phenomenon oftransnational networks so-called globalization. Kaldor underlined in her book,New and Old Wars nonionised violence in a global era, that globalizationis defined as the intensification of global interconnectedness of political, economic, militaryand cultural (Kaldor, 2001 71). This global integration process is aparadoxical process involving both homogenization and diverseiation,integration and fragmentation, globalization and localization, whilst somewriters such as Berdal points out that this process is mainly caused bytechnological change, in order to simulate a labeled growth of transactionaland organizational connections across national boundaries (2003 481). With regardto the context of globalization from the above, it is clear that process of globalizationhas connected the world, however, at the homogeneous time it has resulted indisconnections andalienations, thus leads to an arising out of global class based on the ability to cooperate into this process (Kaldor,2001 4). Moreover,the accelerating of globalization process, especially the advanced communicationand transportation, is very likely leading to rapidly connect a variety ofcommunities and supporters instantly. Thus, it is very likely thatglobalization may cause organized violence. The new type of warfare, in most cases, are typically based around theerosion of the authoritarian states as well as in some intense casesof the state disintegration, and much of pressure on such state has been causedby the process of globalization on the international boundary (Kaldor, 2001 4). Accordingto Kaldor, an accelerating of globalization process creates the situatio n inwhich states are strongly intervened in their political, economic and socialaspects from the external forces of third party, mainly in from of foreign assistance intervention (2001 83). Moreover, various types of actor such as states,private enterprises and military organization that are arising out in the territorial state as aconsequence of globalisation are recognized as a cause of changes in economicand political contexts (Kaldor, 2001 73). These lead to a simultaneous salient decline of state power and tax revenues, thus result in the situationthat drives economy toward extremely collapse (Newman, 2004 183). As regards the position in which the state has lost dominance, Kaldorexplicitly asserted that it is likely to provide an environment of corruptionand criminalization and political legitimacy collapse that could be led to unalike forms of conflict(2001 5). At the same time, however, it could be argued thatthe new wars, part of the process through which globalization evo lved then, are closely leadto the situation in which traditional distinctions between war and peace, organizedcrime and large-scale violation of human rights become blurredand disappeared as a result, the international violence is shifted from conventionalconflict of primarily state-oriented to a serial publication of internal or the war againstcivilian population or else as low-intensity conflicts (Kaldor, 2001 2). From thisunderstanding, thus, it can be assumed that a link does exist betweenglobalization and new wars can be characterized by ethnic cleansing, genocide,terrorism as well as low-intensity conflict.Moreover, Kaldor explicitly state a linkbetween globalization and new wars in term of a crisis of identity (200175). For Kaldor, a significant feature of new wars is that the combatant focuson question of identity in which she has seen as these conflicts are negativeconsequence resulted from globalization process. Therefore, her attention is drawn to the term of identity pol itics. This may bebecause globalization influences an emerge of consolidations of networks of bothstate and non-state actorsbeyond the conventional competence territorially defined governments. In otherwords, the modern state structures are disintegrated due to the mixed of regionalizationand transnationalization of governance in the state territory. As a result,newwars are fought by in the name of identity politicsin which political elites reproduce their power. They do, however, attempt toachieve political mobilisation around identity (Kaldor, 2013 2). Thus, in thecontext of these new wars regarding identity political then, the differentidentity is used as an instrument to control population in form of ethnicallycleanse an area. Moreover, most conflict is directed against civilians.Simultaneously, however, the strong emphasis on identity within new wars meansthat sanction distribution can easily aggravate tensions between communities.Going back to the erosion of state systemcause d by negative impact of globalization, this leads to an increased in identitypolitics therefore, result in the changes in type of modern warfare whereviolent conflicts occur in state territory in term of the wars againstcivilians. Thus, it is clear thatglobalization may create the new wars era. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, for example, isconstantly claimed by Kaldor as a model of the paradigm that globalizationinfluencing the new type of warfare therefore, I selected the Bosnia-Herzegovinaconflict as a case study with regards to the name of identity politicsinfluencing violent ethnic cleansing, in order to make my analysis moresectional.The Bosnia and Herzegovina war heralds an era of new wars triggered by globalisationThe war in Bosnia-Herzegovina is of ahuge of international effort of governmental and non-governmental from bothlocal and global sectors due to approximately 260,000 deaths from genocide(Kaldor, 2001 31). This seems to be the reason for Kaldors argument that thewar in Bosni a-Herzegovina has become the archetypal example, the paradigm ofthe new type of warfare (In Fleming, 2009 219). With regards to the thesis statementmentioned above, a case study of Bosnia-Herzegovina is considered to be themost appropriate paradigm to prove that the globalization has created an agedof new wars, by it having an evidence of a link between globalization and the changesin the nature of violent conflicts. Moreover, this war also demonstrate that globalizationis a extraction cause of the shifted in strategy on new wars where the authoritarianstates no longer seek population support, alternatively they introduce thepopulation displacement driving by politics identities in term of ethniccleansing.Bosnia-Herzegovinais geographically situated as a sort of convergence point of a number ofdifferent ethnicities and cultures that date back hundreds and even thousandsof years. One of the characteristics ofBosnia-Herzegovina is that it is the most diverse ethnic groups, involving Muslims,Serbs, Croats, Yugoslavs, Jews, Roma and others, of former Yugoslavia. Themajority different among people whose live in these republics are types ofreligions in which we notice as the Orthodox Serbs and the Catholic Croats (Kaldor,2001 32). This means, thus, that the war is more likely to took place in thisarea in form of violent ethnic cleansing, in order to completetheir desire on establish ethnically homogeneous territories and to divideethnically mixed Bosnia-Herzegovina between Serbs and Croats driving by their different nationalismperspectives (Kaldor, 200133) In 1992,when the war began, Bosnia-Herzegovina consisted of a majority Muslim, andSerbians, with a smaller percentage of Croatians, who were predominantlyCatholic, and Jews. While these people had coexisted together for quite sometime, there seemed to be a degree of fear and hate that was passed down throughthe generations. The existence of this fear and hate may be said as the causethat made the Serbian people is easily to manipulate by the power of theirpolitical leaders and in a wave of nationalism. As a result, they set out on amurderous ethnic cleansing to rid themselves of the Croatians (Kaldor,200133). Nationalism,playing on the fears of a particular group of people, is what from my point ofview that it is likely to be a root cause that led to the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.This is because nationalism has been driven from different ethnic roots and hasbeen reconstructed for political purposes (Kaldor, 200134). As a result, politicalfragmentation of Bosnia-Herzegovina gave rise to identity-based mobilization,thus leads to the violent of ethnic nationalism. Furthermore, alongside withthe begin of war Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992, the internet was still in its set out stages. The internet was one of the driving forces that helped bringalong the concept of globalization, as people from different cultures migratedaround the world. Information became more readily available to more and morepe ople from an ever increasing web that spanned the world (iarnien and Kumpikait, 2008 43). Thus, leads to the situationin which multiple international actors around the world could be engaged in risingof identity politics and mobilizing political purpose in the area ofBosnia-Herzegovina. Therefore, it can be also concludedthat the Bosnia-Herzegovina is the new type of war in sense of a war againstthe civilians and civil society (Kaldor, 2001 44). ConclusionTo conclude, the nature of warfare has been changed across the time period due to the process of globalization as the factor driving the changes in the political nature. As rightfully remarked by Kalyvas, the critic of new wars, there are the shifted in fundamental of the warfare from the armed conflicts between states in an earlier era to internal war or the war against civilian populations, mainly focused on ethnic cleansing, of the conflicts nowadays (2001 99). This current study has identified the link between the process of gl obalization and new wars, in relation to the political mobilization based on identity politics in the internal territory, which has been recognized as the characteristics of new wars, using case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina war, the violent ethnic cleansing of Bosnian. The result can be argued that nationalism and globalization lead to the political fragmentation that rising identity-based mobilization in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Therefore, it could lead to the new war caused by ethnic politics.Globalization, the revolution of communication andtechnology, creates the situation in which states are strongly intervened intheir politics, economics and social from the external forces of third partyand multiple actors of both states and non-states, thus lead to a dramaticdecline of state power, an extremely collapse of former economic and aprovision of corruption and criminalization environment (Newman, 2004 183). Thesesituation, therefore, leads to the motivation of political mobilization, particularly based around identity politics and are stimulated by personal orgroup interests and greed (Malantowicz, 2013 52). And since internal violenceinvoked by irregular paramilitary organization troops and the population movement ratherthan battles between armies in the traditional field are the elements whichcharacterise the new wars (Malantowicz, 2010 159) As a result, the impact ofglobalization could be led to a new type of organized violence so-called newwar. However,from my perspective, as a researcher in this study, that globalization processis what will hopefully, one day, put an end to such genocide, as peoplecontinue to migrate, inter-marry, and become familiar with, and tolerant ofother cultures.BibliographyFleming, C. M. (2009) New or Old Wars? Debating a Clausewitzian Future, Strategic Studies, 32(2), pp.213-241.Henderson,E. and Singer, J. (2002) New Wars and Rumors of NewWars, International Interactions, 28(2), pp.165-190.Baylis, J.,Smith, S., and Owens, P. (2014 ) The Globalization of field Politics An Introduction to International Relations6th edi. Oxford Oxford University Press. Bougarel, X. (2015) The Bosnian Muslims in theSecond World War, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 15(4),pp.683-688.iarnien, R., and Kumpikait, V. (2008) TheImpact of Globalization on Migration Processes, Socialiniai tyrimai / SocialResearch, 3 (13), pp. 4248.Kardor, M. (2001). Newand Old Wars Organized violence in a Global Era (Edition),Cambridge Polity Press.Kaldor, M.(2013) In Defense of New Wars. Stability, 2(1) 4, pp. 1-16.Kalyvas,N. S. (2001), New and Old Civil Wars A ValidDistinction?, World Politics, 54(1), pp. 99-118.Malantowicz, A. (2010). Do New Wars Theories Contribute toOur Understanding of The African Conflicts? Cases of Rwanda And Darfur. AfricanaBulletin, pp 159-172. Malantowicz,A. (2013) Civil War in Syria and the New Wars Debate. Amsterdam Law Forum,5(3), pp. 52-60.Newman,E. (2004) The New Wars Debate A historic Perspective Is Needed, Se curityDialogue, 35(2), pp. 173-189.

Advantages and disadvantage of four alternative dividends polices

Advantages and disadvantage of four alternative dividends policesThe firms dividend indemnity must be produced with two basic objectives in mind, which ar maximizing the wealthiness of the firms owners and providing for sufficient finance for future projects. According to Gitman, Juchau Flanagan (2008) dividend makeout proportionality indicates the percent of each dollar earned which is distributed to the owners in the form of nones. Constant-payout-ratio dividend policy is when a firm establishes a certain percentage of earnings that result be paying to owners each year. Through out the history Adamson has fol subalterned the practice of stipendiary out approximately 60 percent of its earnings as cash dividend constantly each year. The dividend fluctuated with earnings from year to year. A major shortcoming of this policy is that if the firms earnings drop or argon volatile in a given period, the dividends may be low or even non-existent.According to Gitman, Juchau Flan agan (2008) Regular dividend policy is based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in each period. It provides investors with positive information indicating that the firm is doing well and it minimizes uncertainty. Usually firms using this policy will increase the firm dividend erst a proven increase in earnings has occurred. Under this policy, dividend al about never decreases. One of the advantages of the fixture dividend policy is that it results in a stable dividend swarm everyplace time, meeting the needs of lotholders who require response of uncertainty. Adamson Manufacturing familiaritys majority shareholders are retired individuals, college endowment funds, income-oriented mutual funds and different investors who are seeking extravagantly unsay and over the past years the associations dividend has been fluctuating with its earnings which does not gave a effective impression about the companys financial health. Such could like to get a regular dividend each year so that they are confident enough to continue holding shares in the company. On the opposite hand, disadvantages of regular dividend policy are there may be times when the company will need to access cap from external source such as acceptance add to pay dividend when the company is not generating enough earnings per share. Also, there may be times when the company will occupy excess cash on hand.Low-regular-and-extra dividend policy underside be established when the company is paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an additional dividend called extra dividend. By adopting the low regular dividend, the company can give investors the stable income necessary to build confidence in the company, and the extra dividend permits them to share in earnings if the company experiences a cash surplus. When considering Adamson Manufacturing Company, Joel Norman and Allison Crane strongly suggested that the dividend payout ratio should be reduced from 60 percent, because they t hink high dividend payout is inappropriate for the company because of the capital limitation which recently laboured the company to turn down some expansion opportunities that promised relatively high rate of hold back and they have overly noted that several other directors who has titanic holdings in the company has been paying high tax rate of 40 percent of all dividends received to the government. The company should consider low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy, as it also addresses the issues of resolution of uncertainty and allows the company to distribute extra funds. However, under this policy there still may be some times when the firm will have to go to external equity market when it faces a great need for equity capital because of many good projects. Also, if the company declares too many extras in a row, the investors may expect the extra dividend all the time.Under Residual Dividend Policy dividend paid by a firm should be viewed as a residual that is the pith left over after all acceptable investment opportunities have been undertaken. The advantages of residual dividend policy are that move cost sources of financing are utilise and funds are distributed to shareholders on which the company cannot earn a rate of return greater than weighed ordinary cost of capital. However, the disadvantages of residual dividend policy can be the number of good capital projects will vary from year to year and because the profit will also vary from year to year, the dividend over time will be highly variable including no dividend in one year and high dividend in another year. The stream of dividend will bluster the reputation of Adamson Manufacturing Company of paying generous dividend over the past years and a lot of shareholders will be forced to sell their shares and reinvest in other company who will be offering high dividend payout ratio.Gitman, Juchau Flanagan (2008) states that clientele effects exists where the firm will attract shareholders whos e preference with respect to the payment and stability of dividends check off to the payment pattern and stability of firm itself. Shareholders who desire stable and predictable dividend as a source if income holds the shares of a firm that pay about the similar dividend amount each period and shareholders who prefer to earn capital gain are more than attracted to growing firms that reinvest a large portion of their earnings.Question 2Advantages and disadvantages of an acclaimd dividend policy.The main advantage of having an announced dividend policy is that it reduces investors insecurity, and reductions in insecurity are generally associated with lower capital costs and high rip sets, other things being equal. The disadvantage is that such a policy king decrease corporate flexibility. However, the announced policy would possibly include elements of flexibility. Therefore, it would be attractive for directors to announce their policies. The profits of a company can either b e re-invested in the company or paid to its shareholders as a dividend. In New Zealand, the amount and frequency of dividends is decided by the board of directors. When a company announces the dividend policy even though it has made a loss during a year, it has to continue paying dividends from the retained earnings from previous years or to suspend the dividend. Where a company receives a non-recurring gain, e.g. from the sale of some assets, and has no plans to reinvest the earnings is often returned to shareholders in the form of a special dividend. This type of dividend is often better than usual and occurs outside of the normal dividend distribution schedule.Question 3Effect of payout policy on result rate of earnings per share.Sustainability harvesting rate is calculated by multiplying Plough-Back ratio by Return on Equity. Plough-Back ratio shows the proportion of earnings that is not paid out as dividend but retained in the company for future investment. Return on Equity i s the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. It measures a companys profitability by stating how very much profit a company generates with the shareholders has invested. According to Tatum (2010), a sustainable growth rate is the amount of growth that a company can achieve and maintain on an ongoing basis without borrowing money. It is the highest growth rate the firm can maintain without change magnitude its financial leverage. Sustainable growth rate depends on plow post rate and return on equity, firm may grow rapidly in short condition by depending on debt finance but these type of growth cannot be maintained without incurring excessive debt levels.Question 4Low payout ratios have high price/earnings ratio.According to Ogilvie Parkinson, (2006) the relationship between dividend payout policy and Price Earnings Ratio is that entity with high Price Earnings ratio ha a low dividend payout ratio. The data shown in Table 3 for selected Stock Market shows Companies with low dividend payout ratio has high average price-earnings ratio and vice versa. Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan, (2008) states that the firms financial requirements are directly related to how much it experts to grow and what assets it will need to acquire. A growth firm is likely to depend on internal finance which is done retained earnings and is likely to pay out completely a very small percentage of its earnings as dividend. Investors looking for capital growth may prefer lower payout ratio because capital growth is taxed at lower rate and a high growth firm generally pays low or zero dividend. Wikipedia (2010) states Price-Earnings ratio is a measure of price paid for share relative to the annual profit earned by the firm per share. Stocks with higher forecast earnings growth will usually have higher Price-Earnings, and those expected to have lower earnings growth will in most cases have a lower Price-Earnings.As per Table 3, Data General has zero dividend pa yout percentage with highest average Price-Earnings ratio of 22. Avon Products has highest dividend payout ratio of 57 and low average Price-Earnings Ratio of 13. Data General is a growth firms who is retaining all its earnings for future investments and the shareholders can benefit from capital gain.Question 5Reduction in the dividend payout rate would increase the price of stock versus such a reduction would drastically reduce the price of the stock.Some investors prefer company to reinvest its earnings patronise into the business for future growth but many appreciate a generous cash dividend payment. Investors prefer dividends is because of the tax advantage they are getting. New Zealand has dividend imputation assign policy where the company pays tax on its profit and then distributes the dividend to the shareholders. The investors are given the tax credits (imputation) so that the dividend is not double taxed.Dividend payout ratios provide alpha insight into a companys divid end policy. Adamson Manufacturing Company is currently paying 60 percent of its profit and retaining 40 percent for future growth. There is an argument between locomote and Walker, that if the dividend payout ratio is decreased, the price of the stock will increase and if the dividend payout is decreased, the share price will also decreased. A high payout ratio like Adamson manufacturing Companys, it suggests that the company power be paying out more than it can comfortably afford. It not only does leave a small percentage of profits to plough back into company, but also it leaves the company highly vulnerable to a decline in future dividend payments. Because the act of decreasing dividend is usually interpreted as a sign of weakness, when a dividend cut announcement is made it will trigger a decline in share price. Even if the company plans to keep the 60 percent dividend payout ratio, it will end up having increased debt ratio. The company debt ratio has increased from 16.80% in 2001 to 60.80% in 2009.According to Wikipedia (2010), share price is strictly a result of supply and demand. If the demand exceeds supply then the share price increases. Conversely, if supply exceeds the demand then the share price decreases. The principle theory is that the price movement of the share indicates what investors feel a company is worth. Some investors might understand that it is for positive reason why the company is decreasing its dividend payout ratio, decreasing dividend payout ratio is generally positive sign, it shows that company is more able to cover its dividend payout with its earnings and reduces the borrowings. Thus, the debt ratio for the company would improve in future.Question 6Would a stock dividend or a stock split be if use in this situation?According to Gitman, Juchau Flanagan, (2008) share split is a method commonly used to lower the market price of a firms shares by increasing the number of shares belonging to each shareholder. For example, in a 2 for 1 stock split, investor who owns light speed shares of stock valued at $100 per share in the lead the stock split will own 200 shares valued at $50 per share after split. After share split the investor owns twice as many shares, with each share worth half as much as before the stock split. The main purpose of share split is to reduce the share price of a share in order to make the share more affordable to investors.According to Mapsofworld (2008) stock dividend is the distribution of additional shares to the investors. The main purpose to offer stock dividend is to generate funds for the company. When company makes profit, a certain percentage of the profit is distributed to investors according to their amounts of shares in the company. These dividends are in form of additional shares known as stock dividend. There are several reasons why companies might choose to provide share dividend to its investors. The company may have some shortage of liquid cash, because of this the c ompany might it difficult to provide cash dividend to its shareholders. It is also possible for the company to invest more money from earned profit to raise the production level.The company should use stock dividend, the reason being the company has been paying out a constant cash dividend of 60 percent every year to its investors and has been loosing all the opportunity of expansions with relatively high rate of return and also, investors has been paying 40 percent of their dividend to government in the form of tax. Cash dividend is downfall for the company and as well the investors. Moreover, companys current ratio has deteriorated from 505 in 2001 to only 1.71in 2009 and debt ratio is increased from 16.8% in 2001 to 60.80% in 2009. These fluctuations in the ratio shows that the company is loosing all its liquid cash in form of paying dividend and further, the company is borrowing money to maintain the 60 percent payout ratio. By adopting stock dividend the company can overcome th e cash problem and also can keep investors keen by issuing high dividend payout in form of shares and not cash.Question 7Specific dividend policy should be recommended to the board of directors.I would recommend Adamson Manufacturing Company to adopt low-regular-and-extra dividend policy. Dividend policies of companies around the world vary considerably. In New Zealand one of the major incentives for investing in the stock market is that New Zealand has no capital gain taxes. Therefore, investors should show a preference for companies that retain earnings rather than paying high percentage dividend. Companies with many growth opportunities tend to pay lower dividends, which is to be expected because the funds are required to finance growth and shareholders are willing to forgo current income of hope of greater future benefits. Because companys aspiration is to maximize shareholders wealth the dividend policy is one that maximizes the value of firm. When a company pays out dividend , it decreases the amount of earnings that can be used to finance growth. As a result, companies pay little or no dividends because earnings are retained to reinvest in the company.Adamson Manufacturing Company would in better position if adopting low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy. By establishing low-regular dividend that is paid each period, the firm gives investors the stable income necessary to build confidence in the firm and extra dividend permits them to share in the earnings if the firm experiences an especially good period. Firms using this policy must raise the level of dividend once proven increase in earnings have been achieved. The extra dividend should not be regular event, otherwise it will become meaningless. Adamson Manufacturing Company should reduce dividend to around 10 percent to less than 30 percent to pay regularly depending on how much profit the management wants to retain for future growth. Paying regular dividends is often considered a sign of confidenc e in the company and retaining part of the profit can reward shareholders by adding more shares and wealth. Low dividend payout and retaining majority of it profit can help improve the companys current ratio and debt ratio. Current ratio shows the companys ability to pay short-term bargains. The higher the ratio, more capable the company is of paying its obligation. A ratio under 1, suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligation if they came due at that time. Adamson Manufacturing Companys current ratio decreased drastically to 1.71 mainly because the current asset decreased due to decline in cash by paying 60 percent of its retained earnings as cash dividend. Debt ratio compares the companys total debt to its total assets which shows the amount of leverage being used by the company. If the ratio greater than 0.5, most of the companys assets are financed through debt. Adamson Manufacturing Companys debt ratio increased significantly due to the company borrowing debt to finance cash dividend. Low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy will help the company to overcome its ratio problems and will company to hold its dividend payment consistency.

Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay -- essays research papers

Captain Corellis Mandolin S U M M A R Y It is 1941, and a new-fashioned Italian officer, Captain Antonio Corelli,arrives on the beautiful classical island of Cephallonia as part of an occupying force. He is billeted in the house of the local doctor, Iannis and his daughter Pelagia. He quickly wins the stock ticker of Pelagia through his humour and his sensitivity, not to mention his stunning ability on the mandolin. But Pelagia is engaged to Mandras, a local fisherman who is away fighting with the Greek army. Despite her growing affection for Corelli, Pelagia continues to write to Mandras, but he does not answer. It transpires that he could not, since he is illiterate. But Pelagia takes this as a sign that their love is unwarranted and she gives herself to Corelli. Then there is the bewrayal. Everyone, it seems, in a short space of time, is betrayed. In the autumn of 1943, the Allies invade Sicily instead of the Greek islands, and, in the eyes of the islanders, betray Greece th e Italian commander, General Gandin, betrays his men, the Germans betray the Italians perhaps Corelli even betrays Pelagia by leaving her. The full horror of war, international and then civil, comes home to all the characters, then is sweep away by the tide of history. Pelagia and Corelli are apart and destined to remain so for half a lifetime. Pelagia thinks Corelli is dead, Corelli, visiting Pelagia secretly every year, thinks she is married. Then, in 1953 a new horror hits the island the earthquake. The events ...

Win XP Pro vs. Win 2K Pro :: essays research papers fc

Title Windows XP Pro vs. Windows 2000 ProThesis StatementI got to play with XP Pro and fell in love with it the same way with 2000 ProOutlineI.IntroductionA.How I fell in love exclusively over againB.XP Pro and XP HE (Home Edition)C.Office XPII.BodyA.XP Pro vs. 2000 ProB.Application CompatibilityC.Whats new - IPv6D.AD and XP ProE.WINS a amour of the pastIII.ConclusionA. XP Server and XP CorporateWindows XP Pro vs. Windows 2000 ProLearning to play with 2000 Pro was fun. It challenged me in a great way. I learn virtually fundamentals about how an OS worked. Then I got to play with XP Pro and fell in love with it the same way I fell in love with 2000 Pro When I had first heard about Windows XP I at first thought it was going to be another 9x OS for the al-Qaeda computer. Soon I was told that it would also have a Professional one too. But I was learning Windows 2000 and so I dismissed XP once again. My teach, Tony A., give tongue to XP was 2000 with a new GUI and this got me thinki ng more about this OS. If I learn all I can about 2000, learning XP will be a piece of cake Then one day when I came to class and saw that XP Pro was install on the computer that I was sit down at in class. I got to fool around with it for about two hours and I was hookedIm getting ahead of my-self here, let me parley really quickly about XP Home Edition (HE) that is out there It works more or less like Windows 98 with a elfin Windows 2000 upgrades. Its mainly for the home use as its the name for the OS. Unlike 98 it dont just sit on visor of your computer. It acts more like 2000 in that it shields the hardware from the software and keeps it from crashing. It loves Plug and Play hardware. It features a 32-bit computing architecture, and a fully protected memory model. Since its got a lot of the 2000 built in, it features Home Networking network your home systems like an office The only draw back is the fact that it use only basic disk, guess to use dynamic and youll break the O S The thing with XP HE is that Microsoft is selling the OS as a home entertment center than anything, so Im not going to hold my breath for anything big to come out of this OS.